Climate and Water Conflicts Coevolution from Tropical Development and Hydro‐Climatic Perspectives: A Case Study of Costa Rica

Costa Rica is a nation with a vast wealth of water resources; however, recently the country has faced water conflicts (WC) due to social, economic, legal, and political impediments in response to limited water availability during El Niño events and inefficient use of its water resources. This study presents a spatial distribution and temporal analysis of WC in Costa Rica from 2005 to 2015. In total, 719 WC were analyzed of which 54% were among private individuals and government. The largest urban areas and the Grande de Tárcoles Basin were identified as the main “hot spot” for the conflicts. WC were mainly caused by spills of wastewater, water pollution, water shortage, infrastructure damage, and flooding, and can be predicted using a multiple linear model including the population size and the number of hydro‐meteorological events (HME) (R² = 0.77). The identified HME also coevolved significantly with the changes in precipitation regimes (r = 0.67, p = 0.021). Our results suggest that there is a need to recognize that water infrastructure longevity across the country concatenates and amplifies WC, mainly in the most populated area located in the Central Valley. Implications of our findings include the need for truly integrated water resources management plans that include, for example, WC as indicators of hydro‐climatic changing conditions and water supply and sanitation infrastructure status.     

Does the nutrition profile of vitamins, fatty acids and microelements counteract the negative impact from organohalogen pollutants on bone mineral density in Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris)?

There is a great need for understanding the impact from dietary OHCs (organohalogen compounds) on bone mineral composition - and thereby osteoporosis - in especially arctic wildlife such as polar bears (Ursus maritimus) as well as humans. For that purpose, we measured BMD (bone mineral density) by DXA scanning (g/cm(-2)) in 15 age and weight normalized sledge dog (Canis familiaris) bitches and their 26 pups divided into a control group (n=26) given 50-200 g/day clean pork (Suis scrofa) fat and a treated group (n=15) given 50-200 g/day OHC polluted minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber as main lipid sources. The results showed that BMD increased significantly with age (linear regression: p<0.0001, r(2)=0.83, n=41) while no sex difference was found in the F-generation (two-way ANOVA: all p>0.3). No differences in BMD(femur) or BMD(vertebrae) between exposed and control individuals in the bitch generation were found (linear mixed effect model: both p>0.38). Likewise, no difference between exposed and control subadults and juveniles in the F-generation was found (two-way ANOVA: all p>0.33). Correlation analyses between BMD(femur), BMD(vertebrae) and groups of OHCs, respectively, did not show any statistically significant relationships nor a clear or decreasing trend (Pearson's: p: 0.07-0.78; r: -0.2-0.59; n: 10-18). As the groups were similar regarding genetics, age and sex are the only factors that can explain this observation. Either the pollutants did not have an impact on BMD using the present time frame and OHC concentrations (threshold levels not reached), or the difference in food composition (mainly vitamins and n3 fatty acids) conceal the potential OHC impact on BMD. Such information is important when evaluating the positive and negative health consequences from eating polluted marine species.     

Release of sex pheromone and its precursors in the pine sawfly Diprion pini (Hym., Diprionidae)

Summary. The first identification of a sex pheromone of a pine sawfly (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) dates back almost thirty years. Since then, female-produced pheromones of over twenty diprionid species have been investigated by solvent extraction followed by separation and identification. However, no study has shown what the females actually release. Collection of airborne compounds using absorbtion on charcoal filter as well as solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by analysis employing gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed an unusual system in Diprion pini, in which the pheromone precursor alcohol, 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol, is released together with acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids. The corresponding acetate, propionate and butyrate esters of 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol were also found in the samples. All esters were electrophysiologically active, and the propionate and isobutyrate were attractive in trapping experiments. Based on these and earlier reported results, it seems that at least in part of its range, the pheromone response of D. pini is not very specific with regard to the functional group, as long as this is an ester.     

Individual roosting strategies in a flock-living bird: movement and social cohesion of hooded crows (Corvus corone cornix) from pre-roost gatherings to roost sites

The function of the conspicuous pre-roost gathering in communally roosting birds is poorly known. We studied movement and social cohesion of radio-tagged hooded crows (Corvus corone cornix) from their daytime location via pre-roost to roost in autumn and winter. With increasing snowfall the previous 24 h, the crows attended pre-roosts farther from the territory, and moved longer from pre-roost to roost. The crows became more likely to roost communally as distance to their territory increased. Attending a pre-roost on average almost doubled the travel distance to a communal roost. Crows were much more likely to join the same roost when they had attended the same pre-roost than otherwise. Breeding mates were more likely to keep together from pre-roost to roost than were other assigned pairs of a territorial male and female. For assigned pairs of non-mates, cohesion from pre-roost to roost decreased with increasing distance to roost, and was higher when both crows roosted communally compared to when at least one of them roosted in its territory. When both roosted communally, cohesion decreased with increasing snowfall and increasing number of crows attending the pre-roost, increased with increasing snow depth, and became higher among two females, compared to other combinations of two crows, with increasing number of crows attending the pre-roost. These patterns may be interpreted as supporting several of the current hypotheses on the function of pre-roost gathering. Electronic Publication     

Seasonal nestmate recognition in the ant Formica exsecta

Under favorable conditions, the mound-building ant Formica exsecta may form polydomous colonies and can establish large nest aggregations. The lack of worker aggression towards nonnestmate conspecifics is a typical behavioral feature in such social organization, allowing for a free flux of individuals among nests. However, this mutual worker toleration may vary over the seasons and on spatial scales. We studied spatio-temporal variation of worker–worker aggression within and among nests of a polydomous F. exsecta population. In addition, we determined inter- and intracolony genetic relatedness by microsatellite DNA genotyping and assessed its effect on nestmate recognition. We found significant differences in the frequency of worker exchange among nests between spring, summer, and autumn. Moreover, we found significant seasonal variation in the level of aggression among workers of different nests. Aggression levels significantly correlated with spatial distance between nests in spring, but neither in summer nor in autumn. Multiple regression analysis revealed a stronger effect of spatial distances rather than genetic relatedness on aggressive behavior. Because nestmate discrimination disappeared over the season, the higher aggression in spring is most plausibly explained by cue intermixing during hibernation.     

Spermatozeugmen und Paarungsverhalten bei Tripedalia cystophora (Cubomedusae)

New observations on the complete life cycle of Tripedalia cystophora Conant have revealed that—because of the radialsymmetrically constructed body of the polyp and its complete metamorphosis into one medusa—the “Cubozoa” are unique in their development, systematics and evolution. the same is true for the sexual biology of their medusae. It has long been known that the female T. cystophora are larviparous; fertilized eggs develop within the gastral pockets into free-swimming planulae. How do spermatozoa approach the eggs inside the female? In laboratory cultures, young medusae could be raised to maturity. Rearing experiments and observations yielded surprising results, revealing a situation which is new for Cnidaria. In T. cystophora, ripe medusae of both sexes can be identified easily by the different colour and structure of the gonads. In the gonads of the ripe male, numerous spermatozoa are joined to form spermatozeugmata of a simple type. Numerous spermatozeugmata form big globular bodies (spermatophores), which develop in small grooves on the inside surface of the stomach. The spermatophores are transferred directly from the male to the female during successive steps of special mating behaviour. The observations confirm that Cubomedusae have reached the peak of medusan specialization.     

A criterion validity test of the contingent valuation method: comparing hypothetical and actual voting behavior for a public referendum

This study pursues external validation of contingent valuation by comparing survey results with the voting outcome of a Corvallis, Oregon, referendum to fund a riverfront improvement project through increased property taxes. Survey respondents hypothetically make a voting decision—with no financial consequences—on the upcoming referendum. The survey sample consists of respondents verified to have voted in the election. We use available precinct-level election data to compare the proportion of “yes” survey and referendum votes as well as estimate voting models and mean willingness to pay (WTP) based on the two sets of data. We find that survey responses match the actual voting outcome and WTP estimates based on the two are not statistically different. Contrary to similar studies, our statistical results do not depend on re-coding the majority of “undecided” survey responses to “no.” Furthermore, such a re-coding of responses may be inappropriate for our data set.     

Nestmate recognition for eggs in the honeybee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> L.)

Colony integrity is fundamental to social insects and is threatened by the reproduction of non-nestmates. Therefore, discrimination between eggs derived from nestmates and non-nestmates would constitute an adaptation to prevent exploitation of the entire cooperative group by unrelated individuals. The removal of nestmate and non-nestmate queen and worker-laid eggs was evaluated in honeybees using colonies of Apis mellifera capensis to test female and of A. m. scutellata to test male eggs. The data show that honeybees can distinguish between nestmate and non-nestmate eggs of both sexes. Moreover, non-nestmate female queen-laid eggs were removed significantly faster than nestmate female worker-laid eggs in A. m. capensis, indicating that nestmate recognition cues can override caste-specific ones. While the experimental manipulation accounts for 37.2% (A. m. scutellata) or 1.6% (A. m. capensis) of variance in relation to egg removal, nestmate recognition explains 33.3% for male eggs (A. m. scutellata) and 60.6% for female eggs (A. m. capensis), which is almost twice as high as the impact of caste (16.7% A. m. scutellata; 25% A. m. capensis). Our data show a stronger effect of nestmate recognition on egg removal in the honeybee, suggesting that cues other than caste-specific ones (viability/kin) can dominate egg removal behavior. In light of intraspecific social parasitism, preventing the reproduction of unrelated individuals (group selection) rather than preferring queens’ eggs (kin selection) appears to be the driving force behind the evolution of egg removal behavior in honeybees.     

Nachweis der an Hausstaub gebundenen Innenraumbelastungen mit dem Leuchtbakterientest

The determination and assessment of mixtures of different and complex indoor pollutants is difficult. This investigation was performed in order to determine the effects of pollutants closely bound to household-dust. The approach ist not the determination of single compounds but of all pollutants (sum parameter). For this reason a new method was developed with which househould dust samples are introduced in the Microtox®-Text System to quantify the effect of pollutants. Some of the methods tested revealed good results, however, further research and investigations on the basis of the data already obtained are necessary.