Identification of a new Irgarol-1051 related s-triazine species in coastal waters

A previously unknown s-triazine species present in commercially available Irgarol-1051, a booster biocide additive in copper-based antifouling paints for the replacement of organotin-based antifoulants, has been identified in the coastal aquatic environment. After careful isolation, purification and characterization by high resolution MS-MS and (1)H NMR, the molecular structure of that unknown species is found to be N,N'-di-tert-butyl-6-methylthiol-s-triazine-2,4-diamine (designated as M3). Levels of Irgarol-1051, its major degradation product (M1) and the newly identified M3 in the coastal waters of Hong Kong, one of the world's busiest ports located in the southern coast of China, were monitored by SPME-GC-MS and SPME-GC-FID. Water samples from five locations within Hong Kong waters were analysed and the levels of Irgarol-1051, M1 and M3 were found to be 0.1-1.6 microg l(-1), 36.8-259.0 microg l(-1) and 0.03-0.39 microg l(-1), respectively. Our results indicate that M3 is relatively stable against photo- and bio-degradation and may pose considerable risk to primary producer communities in the coastal marine environment.     

基于三维“O”型圈的采空区多场分布特征数值模拟

为进一步研究综放采空区的多场分布特征,以大兴矿N2-706工作面为例,构建"双三"模型,即优化三维"O"型圈采空区冒落非均质多孔介质数学模型及"U"型通风方式下的三维综放采空区物理模型,重点考虑了采空区垂直方向上的孔隙率变化,并实现了孔隙率的三维可视化。运用Fluent软件加载自定义UDF对采空区气体压力分布、漏风场及氧气、瓦斯分布情况进行了数值模拟,得出与实际情况相吻合的采空区气体压力分布、合理漏风量范围内的风流场分布,其中重点分析瓦斯体积分数分布规律。结果表明:考虑三维孔隙率的数值模拟结果收敛性更好,采空区瓦斯的积聚现象不仅出现在采空区顶部,在距底板20~25 m高度的位置就大量上浮,且呈现高体积分数瓦斯积聚分布的特征规律。     

热压烧结法制备新型玻璃透水砖及性能分析

针对现有透水砖在性能和工艺方面存在的问题,以铅锌尾矿为主要原料的新型玻璃透水砖进行了研究。采用二次烧结法,先将铅锌尾矿等原料熔制成基础玻璃,再将基础玻璃在不同温度和不同荷载条件下进行烧结,得到玻璃透水砖试样,并对试样的抗压强度、抗折强度、透水系数进行测试分析,结果表明:当烧结温度为680 ℃、荷载为0.82 kN/m2时,试样各项性能较为理想。此时试样的抗压强度为1.90 MPa,抗折强度为2.60 MPa,透水系数为0.6 cm/s。采用热压烧结法可以制备出具有良好透水性能和力学性能的铅锌尾矿基础玻璃透水砖,为铅锌尾矿综合利用提供了1条有效途径,具有较好的应用前景。     

稻壳灰中温热处理稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属

利用稻壳灰与某垃圾电厂产生的飞灰为原料,对飞灰和稻壳灰与飞灰的混合物进行中温热处理,探究热处理工艺参数对稻壳灰稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属的影响.在一定温度范围内,反应主要产物为CSSF（即Ca₁₀（SiO₄）₃（SO₄）₃F₂）、Ca₃SiO₅等硅酸盐结晶相,这些物质会包覆重金属,同时,飞灰重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd中相对不稳定的酸溶态和可还原态向更稳定的可氧化态或残渣态转变,使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的浸出浓度显著降低;热处理时间延长,稻壳灰添加量增加,会使热处理样中硅酸盐种类增多,结晶度提高,导致重金属的浸出浓度逐渐降低;稻壳灰添加量在2%~4%范围内,经中温热处理样品的重金属浸出浓度较低,添加量过高时（超过6%时）,重金属浸出浓度逐渐升高.     

Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were studied. Two annular reactors (ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl₂ disinfection and chlorination alone were used. High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl₂. According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl₂ at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl_2. At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents. These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages. This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.     

生态模型在水体富营养化研究领域的应用进展

生态模型在水体富营养化研究领域的应用拥有巨大潜力,为帮助初学者尽快掌握近年来生态模型在水体富营养化领域的研究成果,运用CiteSpace梳理了2008-2018年生态模型在水体富营养化领域的应用进展,以期为生态模型在水环境领域的广泛应用提供参考.以WoS（Web of Science）核心库收录1 523篇文献和CNKI（中国知网）数据库收录的3 779篇文献为样本数据源,通过可视化分析软件CiteSpace进行相应的数据挖掘和计量分析,提炼出生态模型在水体富营养化领域应用进展、前沿热点、演化路径和未来趋势.采用文献调研、分类梳理的方法,系统地分析和总结了EFDC系列模型、CE-QUAL-W2模型、DYRESM-CAEDYM模型、AQUATOX模型、Vollenweider（VOL）模型、PCLake模型、MIKE系列模型、WASP模型在水体富营养化领域应用现状、局限性、不确定性来源及注意事项.结果表明:2008-2018年国外研究应用热点主要涉及富营养化、营养盐循环对水生态系统的影响、气候变化及富营养化水体的管理等领域;国内热点研究则主要集中在水体富营养化问题相关领域应用.研究显示,新型试验数据的采集与获取（遥感数据、高频传感器）、大数据、数据-模型耦合及数据同化、生态建模之间耦合等应用是未来发展趋势.      

Effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth in drinking water distribution systems

The effects of O_3/Cl_2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors(ARs).The corrosion process and most probable number(MPN) analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2 induced higher Fe_3O_4 formation in corrosion scales.These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl_2 alone.O_3/Cl_2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria.Moreover,ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties.The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection.Compared with the AR treated with Cl_2 alone,the opportunistic pathogens M.avium and L.pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2,and decreased to(4.60 ± 0.14) and(3.09 ± 0.12) log10(gene copies/g corrosion scales) in biofilms,respectively.The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2.Therefore,O_3/C_l2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.     

基于地球物理方法的垃圾处理场污染物检测技术研究

传统检测技术存在磁化率和电阻率变化不明显等问题,导致检测效果差,提出基于地球物理方法的垃圾处理场污染物检测技术。构建非预先处理三维在线检测系统,实时采集电阻率,对电性出现的异常情况进行检测,获取物理土壤物性,根据垃圾处理场的地理结构,将垃圾场分为建筑垃圾和生活垃圾,并分析地质剖面结构图;采用地球物理法对测线进行布置,并对电性和土壤磁性变化展开分析,以此为基础对污染物进行检测。通过实验验证,该检测技术与传统技术相比磁化率和电阻率变化明显,检测效果良好。     

论加强可持续发展的法制建设

为了全面实施可持续发展战略,加强可持续发展法制建设甚为重要。本文从立法、实施、监督、研究的角度,探讨了可持续发展法制建设的任务、目标与措施。     

我国农业减灾风险投资决策的经济学判据

探讨了在我国政策条件下,农业减灾投入、增产投入、农民收入与灾害风险之间的关系。在生产者追求利润最大化目标的经济学假设下,通过对粮食生产过程的定性、定量分析,分别推导了不同投资主体和同一投资主体下农业减灾与增产投资利益最大化的条件,并讨论了农业投资者可能的决策选择,从经济学的角度为研究农业减灾增产的风险投资提供了一种较理想的理论模型。