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81.
Clare J. Napper Stuart P. Sharp Andrew McGowan Michelle Simeoni Ben J. Hatchwell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(12):2029-2039
Kin selection has played an important role in the evolution and maintenance of cooperative breeding behaviour in many bird species. However, although relatedness has been shown to affect the investment decisions of helpers in such systems, less is known about the role that kin discrimination plays in other contexts, such as communal roosting. Individuals that roost communally benefit from reduced overnight heat loss, but the exact benefit derived depends on an individual's position in the roost which in turn is likely to be influenced by its position in its flock's dominance hierarchy. We studied the effects of kinship and other factors (sex, age, body size and flock sex ratio) on an individual's roosting position and dominance status in captive flocks of cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits Aegithalos caudatus. We found that overall, kinship had little influence on either variable tested; kinship had no effect on a bird's position in its flock's dominance hierarchy and the effect of kinship on roosting position was dependent on the bird's size. Males were generally dominant over females and birds were more likely to occupy preferred roosting positions if they were male, old and of high status. In this context, the effect of kinship on social interactions appears to be less important than the effects of other factors, possibly due to the complex kin structure of winter flocks compared to breeding groups. 相似文献
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83.
Sachs JD Remans R Smukler SM Winowiecki L Andelman SJ Cassman KG Castle D DeFries R Denning G Fanzo J Jackson LE Leemans R Lehmann J Milder JC Naeem S Nziguheba G Palm CA Pingali PL Reganold JP Richter DD Scherr SJ Sircely J Sullivan C Tomich TP Sanchez PA 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(3):738-742
The development of effective agricultural monitoring networks is essential to track, anticipate and manage changes in the social, economic and environmental aspects of agriculture. We welcome the perspective of Lindenmayer and Likens (J. Environ. Monit., 2011, 13, 1559) as published in the Journal of Environmental Monitoring on our earlier paper, "Monitoring the World's Agriculture" (Sachs et al., Nature, 2010, 466, 558-560). In this response, we address their three main critiques labeled as 'the passive approach', 'the problem with uniform metrics' and 'the problem with composite metrics'. We expand on specific research questions at the core of the network design, on the distinction between key universal and site-specific metrics to detect change over time and across scales, and on the need for composite metrics in decision-making. We believe that simultaneously measuring indicators of the three pillars of sustainability (environmentally sound, social responsible and economically viable) in an effectively integrated monitoring system will ultimately allow scientists and land managers alike to find solutions to the most pressing problems facing global food security. 相似文献
84.
Thomas A. Haynes Stewart Angus Clare Scanlan Naveed Bhatti 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2017,21(3):445-452
To meet Scotland’s conservation and legislative requirements to monitor and set management objectives for saltmarsh habitat, a national survey was developed jointly funded by Scottish Natural Heritage and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. This national survey focussed on developing a fine scale vegetation map of all Scottish saltmarshes over 3 ha, which was digitised using GIS software. A condition monitoring protocol was also developed to assess the health of key ecological parameters of the saltmarsh system. A total of 7,704 ha of coastal habitat was surveyed as part of the project, which included 5,840 ha of saltmarsh vegetation and 1,864 ha of associated vegetation. The condition monitoring protocol results show that targets relating to the presence of built structures and transition integrity are not achieved more frequently than others. Targets for stock grazing intensity; the maintenance of saltmarsh extent; and poaching damage are also not achieved frequently. Further research is required to accurately reflect the condition of pioneer saltmarsh. 相似文献
85.
Recovery planning is a key component of many threatened species conservation initiatives and can be a powerful awareness raising
tool. One of the largest impediments to conservation efforts in the Pacific region however, is the lack of ecological data
and its subsequent effects on the development of feasible and useful recovery plans for threatened species. Without these
plans, the understaffed, underfunded and often technically ill-equipped conservation agencies face huge difficulties in planning,
prioritizing and conducting conservation activities to adequately protect biodiversity. The Fiji sago palm, Metroxylon vitiense, is an endemic endangered palm species whose survival is heavily dependent on a feasible species recovery plan. It is geographically
restricted and threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation for thatch for the tourism industry and palm heart consumption
by local consumers. Despite its threatened status, M. vitiense is not currently protected by national or international legislation. Recent field surveys and extensive stakeholder consultation
have resulted in the production of a species recovery plan highlighting the importance of the species and advocating sustainable
harvesting rather than complete bans to promote conservation. This article summarizes the recovery plan and its current effects
on the status of M. vitiense in Fiji. We also discuss the role of different stakeholders in the conservation of M. vitiense, including the absence of significant behavioral changes by the largest consumer - the tourism industry, and the importance
of recovery plans for biodiversity conservation in the Pacific. 相似文献
86.
Clare L. S. Wiseman Fathi Zereini Wilhelm Püttmann 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1572-1581
The purpose of this study is to examine tissue patterns of metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) concentrations in Solanum melongena cultivated in close proximity to traffic to help elucidate associated elemental deposition and soil-to-root and root-to-shoot transfers. Plants were cultivated in a commercial soil mix at three sites in Toronto, Canada. Metal concentrations were determined on microwave-digested bulk and rhizosphere soil and tissue samples per ICP-MS, along with two standard reference materials (NIST #1570a and #2709a). Unwashed and washed S. melongena samples were also analyzed, along with Origanum vulgare plants from the same sites, to assess the effectiveness of washing in reducing metal concentrations. The tissue distribution of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb demonstrated variability as a function of traffic proximity. Copper was found to easily translocate to roots in soils susceptible to waterlogging, while Cd had the highest soil-to-root and root-to-shoot translocation. The translocation of Cd was highest at the roadside site, due to a greater relative enrichment of this metal in the rhizosphere of S. melongena plants. Washing O. vulgare leaves was more effective in removing metal-associated particles compared to S. melongena samples. Cadmium uptake is of greatest concern given its toxicity and translocation potential. 相似文献
87.
Anders Christian Erichsen Lena Konovalenko Flemming Møhlenberg Rikke Margrethe Closter Clare Bradshaw Karin Aquilonius Ulrik Kautsky 《Ambio》2013,42(4):464-475
In safety assessments of underground radioactive waste repositories, understanding radionuclide fate in ecosystems is necessary to determine the impacts of potential releases. Here, the reliability of two mechanistic models (the compartmental K-model and the 3D dynamic D-model) in describing the fate of radionuclides released into a Baltic Sea bay is tested. Both are based on ecosystem models that simulate the cycling of organic matter (carbon). Radionuclide transfer is linked to adsorption and flows of carbon in food chains. Accumulation of Th-230, Cs-135, and Ni-59 in biological compartments was comparable between the models and site measurements despite differences in temporal resolution, biological state variables, and partition coefficients. Both models provided confidence limits for their modeled concentration ratios, an improvement over models that only estimate means. The D-model enables estimates at high spatio-temporal resolution. The K-model, being coarser but faster, allows estimates centuries ahead. Future developments could integrate the two models to take advantage of their respective strengths. 相似文献
88.
Selective Patronage and Social Justice: Local Food Consumer Campaigns in Historical Context 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
C. Clare Hinrichs Patricia Allen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(4):329-352
In the early 2000s, the development of local food systems in advanced industrial countries has expanded beyond creation and
support of farmers’ markets and community supported agriculture farms and projects to include targeted Buy Local Food campaigns.
Non-governmental groups in many U.S. places and regions have launched such campaigns with the intent of motivating and directing
consumers toward more local food purchasing in general. This article examines the current manifestations and possibilities
for social justice concerns in Buy Local Food campaigns, by considering them within the more general category of “selective
patronage“ campaigns. Historical campaign examples, such as Buy Union, Buy American, and Buy Black campaigns, offer instructive
comparisons to contemporary consumer campaigns promoting local food. Through examining the construction of threats, intended
beneficiaries, products to be avoided, and those to be preferentially selected, the paper demonstrates how selective patronage
campaigns have emphasized social justice needs and concerns for designated groups in ways that have been potentially exclusionary
of other disadvantaged groups and thus undermining of social justice more broadly. As a contemporary instance of “selective
patronage,“ Buy Local Food campaigns exhibit similar contradictory impulses, which are intensified by the conceptual and practical
pitfalls in designating “local.“ The article concludes by considering how the challenges and prospects for commitments to
social justice in local food consumer campaigns reinforce the importance of emerging initiatives centered on domestic fair
trade. 相似文献
89.
Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution in Western Washington: Landowner Learning Methods and Motivations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Clare M. Ryan 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1122-1130
States, territories, and tribes identify nonpoint source pollution as responsible for more than half of the Nation’s existing
and threatened water quality impairments, making it the principal remaining cause of water quality problems across the United
States. Combinations of education, technical and financial assistance, and regulatory measures are used to inform landowners
about nonpoint source pollution issues, and to stimulate the use of best management practices. A mail survey of non-commercial
riparian landowners investigated how they learn about best management practices, the efficacy of different educational techniques,
and what motivates them to implement land management activities. Landowners experience a variety of educational techniques,
and rank those that include direct personal contact as more effective than brochures, advertisements, radio, internet, or
television. The most important motivations for implementing best management practices were linked with elements of a personal
stewardship ethic, accountability, personal commitment, and feasibility. Nonpoint source education and social marketing campaigns
should include direct interpersonal contacts, and appeal to landowner motivations of caring, responsibility, and personal
commitment. 相似文献