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181.
Michael J. McFarland Jeffrey W. Watkins Micheal M. Kordich Dean A. Pollet Glenn R. Palmer 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):342-351
Abstract The Sound Intensity Prediction System (SIPS) and Blast Operation Overpressure Model (BOOM) are semiempirical sound models that are employed by the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) to predict whether noise levels from the detonation of large missile motors will exceed regulatory thresholds. Field validation of SIPS confirmed that the model was effective in limiting the number of detonations of large missile motors that could potentially result in a regulatory noise exceedance. Although the SIPS accurately predicted the impact of weather on detonation noise propagation, regulators have required that the more conservative BOOM model be employed in conjunction with SIPS in evaluating peak noise levels in populated areas. By simultaneously considering the output of both models, in 2001, UTTR detonated 104 missile motors having net explosive weights (NEW) that ranged between 14,960 and 38,938 lb without a recorded public noise complaint. Based on the encouraging results, the U.S. Department of Defense is considering expanding the application of these noise models to support the detonation of missile motors having a NEW of 81,000 lb. Recent modeling results suggest that, under appropriate weather conditions, missile motors containing up to 96,000 lb NEW can be detonated at the UTTR without exceeding the regulatory noise limit of 134 decibels (dB). 相似文献
182.
Clare L. S. Wiseman Fathi Zereini Wilhelm Püttmann 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1572-1581
The purpose of this study is to examine tissue patterns of metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) concentrations in Solanum melongena cultivated in close proximity to traffic to help elucidate associated elemental deposition and soil-to-root and root-to-shoot transfers. Plants were cultivated in a commercial soil mix at three sites in Toronto, Canada. Metal concentrations were determined on microwave-digested bulk and rhizosphere soil and tissue samples per ICP-MS, along with two standard reference materials (NIST #1570a and #2709a). Unwashed and washed S. melongena samples were also analyzed, along with Origanum vulgare plants from the same sites, to assess the effectiveness of washing in reducing metal concentrations. The tissue distribution of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb demonstrated variability as a function of traffic proximity. Copper was found to easily translocate to roots in soils susceptible to waterlogging, while Cd had the highest soil-to-root and root-to-shoot translocation. The translocation of Cd was highest at the roadside site, due to a greater relative enrichment of this metal in the rhizosphere of S. melongena plants. Washing O. vulgare leaves was more effective in removing metal-associated particles compared to S. melongena samples. Cadmium uptake is of greatest concern given its toxicity and translocation potential. 相似文献
183.
Anders Christian Erichsen Lena Konovalenko Flemming Møhlenberg Rikke Margrethe Closter Clare Bradshaw Karin Aquilonius Ulrik Kautsky 《Ambio》2013,42(4):464-475
In safety assessments of underground radioactive waste repositories, understanding radionuclide fate in ecosystems is necessary to determine the impacts of potential releases. Here, the reliability of two mechanistic models (the compartmental K-model and the 3D dynamic D-model) in describing the fate of radionuclides released into a Baltic Sea bay is tested. Both are based on ecosystem models that simulate the cycling of organic matter (carbon). Radionuclide transfer is linked to adsorption and flows of carbon in food chains. Accumulation of Th-230, Cs-135, and Ni-59 in biological compartments was comparable between the models and site measurements despite differences in temporal resolution, biological state variables, and partition coefficients. Both models provided confidence limits for their modeled concentration ratios, an improvement over models that only estimate means. The D-model enables estimates at high spatio-temporal resolution. The K-model, being coarser but faster, allows estimates centuries ahead. Future developments could integrate the two models to take advantage of their respective strengths. 相似文献
184.
Over two years after the original creation of a sand excavation pit 8 km off the Louisiana coast, benthic macrofauna communities
and sedimentary characteristics are still effected. Macrofaunal communities inside the pit had lower abundance, biomass, and
diversity than communities outside the pit. This difference, however, was only significant with some of the stations outside
the pit. Results from multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis showed that macrofaunal communities were less than 32%
similar inside the pit to communities outside the pit. The polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta was the most abundant species outside the excavation pit, but the species was only counted once inside the pit. The most
dominant species, which made up over 90% of organisms inside the pit, was the pioneer polychaete Paraprionospio pinnata. Only three species were found at each station inside the pit as opposed to 9–27 species at stations outside the pit. All
species inside the pit were also found outside the pit; thus, change was due to a loss of species rather than replacement
by different species. Sediment inside the pit contained more silt and clay; however, no difference in water quality was detected
compared with outside the pit. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita passed near the dredge pit in 2005 and could have effected sediment
transport in the region. Because the macrofaunal community inside the pit has not recovered within 38 months, it is likely
that it will require more time before it resembles the surrounding conditions. 相似文献
185.
Sachs JD Remans R Smukler SM Winowiecki L Andelman SJ Cassman KG Castle D DeFries R Denning G Fanzo J Jackson LE Leemans R Lehmann J Milder JC Naeem S Nziguheba G Palm CA Pingali PL Reganold JP Richter DD Scherr SJ Sircely J Sullivan C Tomich TP Sanchez PA 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(3):738-742
The development of effective agricultural monitoring networks is essential to track, anticipate and manage changes in the social, economic and environmental aspects of agriculture. We welcome the perspective of Lindenmayer and Likens (J. Environ. Monit., 2011, 13, 1559) as published in the Journal of Environmental Monitoring on our earlier paper, "Monitoring the World's Agriculture" (Sachs et al., Nature, 2010, 466, 558-560). In this response, we address their three main critiques labeled as 'the passive approach', 'the problem with uniform metrics' and 'the problem with composite metrics'. We expand on specific research questions at the core of the network design, on the distinction between key universal and site-specific metrics to detect change over time and across scales, and on the need for composite metrics in decision-making. We believe that simultaneously measuring indicators of the three pillars of sustainability (environmentally sound, social responsible and economically viable) in an effectively integrated monitoring system will ultimately allow scientists and land managers alike to find solutions to the most pressing problems facing global food security. 相似文献
186.
Noel E. Palmer Ray von Wandruszka 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(7):1362-1370
Purpose
Dissolved humic acids abiotically reduced inorganic arsenic to varying degrees, depending on solution pH, ionic strength, and type of humate used. The functionalities of dissolved organic matter responsible for these redox reactions remained in question, but quinoid moieties undoubtedly played an important role. It is not fully understood whether the quinoids are solely responsible for arsenate reduction, and what the kinetics of the relevant processes are. 相似文献187.
Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution in Western Washington: Landowner Learning Methods and Motivations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Clare M. Ryan 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1122-1130
States, territories, and tribes identify nonpoint source pollution as responsible for more than half of the Nation’s existing
and threatened water quality impairments, making it the principal remaining cause of water quality problems across the United
States. Combinations of education, technical and financial assistance, and regulatory measures are used to inform landowners
about nonpoint source pollution issues, and to stimulate the use of best management practices. A mail survey of non-commercial
riparian landowners investigated how they learn about best management practices, the efficacy of different educational techniques,
and what motivates them to implement land management activities. Landowners experience a variety of educational techniques,
and rank those that include direct personal contact as more effective than brochures, advertisements, radio, internet, or
television. The most important motivations for implementing best management practices were linked with elements of a personal
stewardship ethic, accountability, personal commitment, and feasibility. Nonpoint source education and social marketing campaigns
should include direct interpersonal contacts, and appeal to landowner motivations of caring, responsibility, and personal
commitment. 相似文献
188.
Biochemical genetic variation at a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) locus is related to salinity variation in several marine
bivalve molluscs. This paper details an investigation of the Long Island Sound model of LAP selection (LAP genotype-dependent
mortality occurring among newly settled Mytilus edulis mussels) carried out in 1997 among three M. galloprovincialis mussel populations along the salinity gradient of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Significant LAP genotypic heterogeneity
was observed at the LAP locus between small (<25 mm shell length) and large (>25 mm shell length) M. galloprovincialis from Petone and Eastbourne (the two sites experiencing the greatest salinity variation), whereas genotypic heterogeneity
was not significantly different between small and large mussels from Seatoun (the site experiencing the least salinity variation).
The Lap
3 allele decreased in frequency and the Lap
4 allele increased in frequency at Petone and Eastbourne, whereas the Lap
3 and Lap
4 allele frequencies remained effectively constant at Seatoun. Both these findings are consistent with the Long Island Sound
model of selection. At all three locations, the Lap
3,3 genotype decreased in frequency from small to large mussels, whereas the Lap
3,4 genotype increased in frequency from small to large mussels. All other LAP genotypes occurred at low frequencies (<0.10)
at all three locations and showed no evidence of frequency change from small to large-size mussels nor evidence of clinal
change among the three locations. These genotype frequency data possibly indicate that the Lap
3,3 genotype is at a selective disadvantage compared to the Lap
3,4 genotype at all three locations, and that this selective disadvantage is related to the extent of salinity variation which
exists at each location. Further investigation is required before it can be determined if the Long Island Sound model of selection
best describes the size-dependent and location-specific changes in LAP allele and genotype frequencies along this salinity
gradient. Comparison of the population genetic structure at the LAP locus in 1995 and in 1997 revealed a profound change from
heterozygote excesses to heterozygote deficiencies for all three M. galloprovincialis populations. The reason for the change is unknown, but the change indicates that population genetic structure at the LAP
locus is highly variable in time, but consistent in space, among these M.␣galloprovincialis populations.
Received: 5 February 1998 / Accepted: 27 May 1998 相似文献
189.
Rochelle Steven James C. R. Smart Clare Morrison J. Guy Castley 《Conservation biology》2017,31(4):818-827
Conservation of biodiversity, including birds, continues to challenge natural‐area managers. Stated‐preference methods (e.g., choice experiment [CE]) are increasingly used to provide data for valuation of natural ecosystems. We used a CE to calculate birders’ willingness to pay for different levels of bioecological attributes (threatened species, endemic species, and diversity) of birding sites with hypothetical entry fees. The CE was delivered at popular birding and avitourism sites in Australia and the United Kingdom. Latent‐class modeling results revealed heterogeneous preferences among birders and correspondingly variable willingness to pay. Four clear groups were apparent: quantity‐driven birders, special‐birds seekers, confused respondents, and price‐is‐no‐object birders. Quantity‐driven birders were attracted to sites that deliver high levels of diversity and endemic species for which they were willing to pay $135 and $66 to visit, respectively, above what they were willing to pay to visit a site with low levels of diversity and few endemic and threatened species . Special‐bird seekers valued threatened species and high levels of endemic species most (willingness to pay $45 and $46, respectively). Confused respondents’ preferences were difficult to determine, but they were the most sensitive to the hypothetical entry fees, unlike the price‐is‐no‐object birders, who were not at all sensitive to cost. Our findings demonstrate that birders are amenable to paying for their preferred birding experience. These payments could provide an alternative source of funding in some avitourism sites on both public and private land. Such alternative revenue streams should be explored and given full consideration in increasingly competitive conservation‐financing environments. 相似文献
190.
Haritini Tsangari Anastasia Paschalidou Sotiris Vardoulakis Clare Heaviside Zoi Konsoula Stephanie Christou Kyriakos E. Georgiou Kyriaki Ioannou Theodoulos Mesimeris Savvas Kleanthous Stelios Pashiardis Pavlos Pavlou Pavlos Kassomenos Edna N. Yamasaki 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(7):1905-1913
Climatic change results in increased occurrence of heat waves, and the thermal stress caused by such phenomena is leading to higher levels of heat-related mortality worldwide. This study is the first to examine the effect of extreme weather on mortality in Cyprus. It investigates the individual effect of meteorological indicators on mortality, as well as the role of particulate air pollution (PM10). A generalized linear model (GLM) with quasi-Poisson regression was implemented. GLM included a temperature function and was adjusted for relative humidity and seasonality. The temperature function was developed under a newly developed framework of distributed lag nonlinear models, which capture nonlinearities and delayed effects of heat simultaneously. GLM was extended to examine the confounding effect of air pollution. All the results on heat effects are presented. High temperatures had a significant effect on mortality with increased mortality rates, independent of humidity and seasonality. Mortality risk increased steeply above a temperature threshold. A direct heat effect was shown, with higher risk on the current and next day of a severe heat event. PM10 was not found to have a confounding effect on the temperature–mortality relationship, since the strength of this relationship remained after the inclusion of PM10 in the model. Differences existed between urban and coastal areas. 相似文献