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141.
Identification of vulnerable arable areas to phosphorus (P) losses is needed to effectively implement mitigation measures. Indicators for source (soil test P, STP), potential mobilization by erosion (soil dispersion), and transport (unit-stream power length-slope, LS) risks were used to screen the vulnerability to suspended solids (SS) and P losses in two contrasting catchments regarding topography, soil textural distribution, and STP. Soils in the first catchment ranged from loamy sand to clay loam, while clay soils were dominant in the second catchment. Long-term SS and total P losses were higher in the second catchment in spite of significantly lower topsoil STP. A higher proportion of areas in the second catchment were identified with higher risk due to the significantly higher risk of overland flow generation (LS) and a significantly higher mobilization risk in the soil dispersion laboratory tests. A simple screening method was presented to improve the placement of mitigation measures. 相似文献
142.
Justyna Rybak Teresa Olejniczak 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(3):2313-2324
Studies focused on the possible use of spider webs as environmental pollution indicators. This was a first time ever attempt to use webs as indicators of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution. The aim of the study was (a) to evaluate whether webs are able to accumulate PM-associated road traffic emissions and be analyzed for organic toxics such as PAHs, (b) to assess if the distance from emission sources could have an influence on the accumulation level of pollutants, and (c) to determine types of pollution sources responsible for a structure of monitoring data set. Webs of four species from the family Agelenidae were sampled for PAHs presence. Data from vehicle traffic sites (i.e., road tunnel, arterial surface road, underground parking) and from railway traffic sites (i.e., two railway viaducts) in the city of Wroclaw (Southwest of Poland) showed a significantly higher mean concentrations of PAHs than the reference site 1 (municipal water supply works). We also found a significant differences at sites differed by the distance from emission sources. The result of PCA analysis suggested three important sources of pollution. We conclude that spider webs despite of some limitations proved useful indicators of road traffic emissions; they could be even more reliable compared to use of bioindicators whose activity is often limited by a lack of water and sun. 相似文献
143.
Flávio Henrique Tincani Osório Luis Felipe Oliveira Silva Laercio Dante Stein Piancini Ana Carolina Barni Azevedo Samuel Liebel Flavia Yoshie Yamamoto Vivian Prá Philippi Marcos Leandro Silva Oliveira Claudia Feijó Ortolani-Machado Francisco Filipak Neto Marta Margarete Cestari Helena Cristina da Silva de Assis Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(15):9145-9160
The Tubarão River rises in Santa Catarina, Brazil, and has been historically affected by coal mining activities around its springhead. To evaluate its water conditions, an investigation regarding a possible decontamination gradient associated with the increased river flow toward the estuary, as well as the influence of seasonality over this gradient was performed through a series of biomarkers (vitellogenin, comet assay, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, gluthatione, gluthatione S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase, light microscopy in liver, and scanning electron microscopy in gills) and chemical analysis (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bile and metal analysis in sediment) in the cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis. Two collections (summer and winter) were made in four distinct sites along the river, while sediments were sampled between those seasons. As expected, the contamination linked exclusively to mining activities was not observed, possibly due to punctual inputs of contaminants. The decontamination gradient was not observed, although seasonality seemed to have a critical role in the responses of biomarkers and availability of contaminants. In the summer, the fish presented higher histopathological damages and lower concentrations of PAHs, while in the winter they showed both higher genetic damage and accumulation of PAHs. The Tubarão suffers impacts from diverse activities, representing health risks for wild and human populations. 相似文献
144.
Rogério Luiz Da Silva Claudia Pereira Da silva Sandro Navickiene 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):589-594
An extraction method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion was developed to determine pirimicarb, methyl parathion, malathion, procymidone, α -endosulfan and β -endosulfan in lettuce using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best results were obtained using 4.0 g of lettuce, 2.0 g of silica as dispersant sorbent, 0.1 g of activated carbon as clean up sorbent and acetonitrile as eluting solvent. The method was validated using lettuce samples fortified with pesticides at six different concentration levels (0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg). Average recoveries (7 replicates) ranged from 50 to 120 %, with relative standard deviations between 0.6 and 8.0 %. Detection and quantification limits for lettuce ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg and 0.04 to 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. 相似文献
145.
Emmanuelle Caron Annemieke Farenhorst Xiying Hao Claudia Sheedy 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):495-504
Livestock manure applied to agricultural land is one of the ways natural steroid estrogens enter soils. To examine the impact of long-term solid beef cattle (Bos Taurus) manure on soil properties and 17β-estradiol sorption and mineralization, this study utilized a soil that had received beef cattle manure over 35 years. The 17β-estradiol was strongly sorbed and sorption significantly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing soil organic carbon content (SOC) and with an increasing annual rate of beef cattle manure. The 17β-estradiol mineralization half-life was significantly negatively correlated, and the total amount of 17β-estradiol mineralized at 90 days (MAX) was significantly positively correlated with 17β-estradiol sorption. The long-term rate of manure application had no significant effect on MAX, but the addition of fresh beef cattle manure in the laboratory resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) smaller MAX values. None of the treatments showed MAX values exceeding one-third of the 17β-estradiol applied. 相似文献
146.
Leonardo Sabatino Michele Scarangella Francesco Lazzaro Monica Scordino Giavanna Picariello Claudia Leotta 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(12):862-870
A reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC/MS-MS) has been developed and validated for detection of alkaloids matrine and oxymatrine in fertilizer with labeled enhancer plant defense activities. The analytical method was validated statistically. The results show a strong matrix effect, requiring quantification by standard addition method. The regression lines showed r2 > 0.994. Recoveries ranging from 97 to 104% were obtained for the fortification level of 0.01% wt wt?1 and the relative standard deviations ranged from 3 to 4% (n = 10). The limits of detection were below 0.0001% wt wt?1, while the limits of quantification did not exceed 0.0004% wt wt?1. The method is currently applied in ICQRF Laboratory of Catania on fertilized and corroborant plant extract collected in the Italian market in the frame of MIPAAF institutional quality control activity, with the aim to dectect these unpermitted active substances. 相似文献
147.
Bellmore JR Baxter CV Ray AM Denny L Tardy K Galloway E 《Environmental management》2012,49(3):734-750
Pre-restoration studies typically focus on physical habitat, rather than the food-base that supports aquatic species. However,
both food and habitat are necessary to support the species that habitat restoration is frequently aimed at recovering. Here
we evaluate if and how the productivity of the food-base that supports fish production is impaired in a dredge-mined floodplain
within the Yankee Fork Salmon River (YFSR), Idaho (USA); a site where past restoration has occurred and where more has been
proposed to help recover anadromous salmonids. Utilizing an ecosystem approach, we found that the dredged segment had comparable
terrestrial leaf and invertebrate inputs, aquatic primary producer biomass, and production of aquatic invertebrates relative
to five reference floodplains. Thus, the food-base in the dredged segment did not necessarily appear impaired. On the other
hand, we observed that off-channel aquatic habitats were frequently important to productivity in reference floodplains, and
the connection of these habitats in the dredged segment via previous restoration increased invertebrate productivity by 58%.
However, using a simple bioenergetic model, we estimated that the invertebrate food-base was at least 4× larger than present
demand for food by fish in dredged and reference segments. In the context of salmon recovery efforts, this observation questions
whether additional food-base productivity provided by further habitat restoration would be warranted in the YFSR. Together,
our findings highlight the importance of studies that assess the aquatic food-base, and emphasize the need for more robust
ecosystem models that evaluate factors potentially limiting fish populations that are the target of restoration. 相似文献
148.
Estimating the Cumulative Ecological Effect of Local Scale Landscape Changes in South Florida 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hogan DM Labiosa W Pearlstine L Hallac D Strong D Hearn P Bernknopf R 《Environmental management》2012,49(2):502-515
Ecosystem restoration in south Florida is a state and national priority centered on the Everglades wetlands. However, urban
development pressures affect the restoration potential and remaining habitat functions of the natural undeveloped areas. Land
use (LU) planning often focuses at the local level, but a better understanding of the cumulative effects of small projects
at the landscape level is needed to support ecosystem restoration and preservation. The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio
Model (SFL EPM) is a regional LU planning tool developed to help stakeholders visualize LU scenario evaluation and improve
communication about regional effects of LU decisions. One component of the SFL EPM is ecological value (EV), which is evaluated
through modeled ecological criteria related to ecosystem services using metrics for (1) biodiversity potential, (2) threatened
and endangered species, (3) rare and unique habitats, (4) landscape pattern and fragmentation, (5) water quality buffer potential,
and (6) ecological restoration potential. In this article, we demonstrate the calculation of EV using two case studies: (1)
assessing altered EV in the Biscayne Gateway area by comparing 2004 LU to potential LU in 2025 and 2050, and (2) the cumulative
impact of adding limestone mines south of Miami. Our analyses spatially convey changing regional EV resulting from conversion
of local natural and agricultural areas to urban, industrial, or extractive use. Different simulated local LU scenarios may
result in different alterations in calculated regional EV. These case studies demonstrate methods that may facilitate evaluation
of potential future LU patterns and incorporate EV into decision making. 相似文献
149.
Santoro R Jucker T Prisco I Carboni M Battisti C Acosta AT 《Environmental management》2012,49(3):534-542
Sandy coastlines are sensitive ecosystems where human activities can have considerable negative impacts. In particular, trampling
by beach visitors is a disturbance that affects dune vegetation both at the species and community level. In this study we
assess the effects of the limitation of human trampling on dune vegetation in a coastal protected area of Central Italy. We
compare plant species diversity in two recently fenced sectors with that of an unfenced area (and therefore subject to human
trampling) using rarefaction curves and a diversity/dominance approach during a two year study period. Our results indicate
that limiting human trampling seems to be a key factor in driving changes in the plant diversity of dune systems. In 2007
the regression lines of species abundance as a function of rank showed steep slopes and high Y-intercept values in all sectors, indicating a comparable level of stress and dominance across the entire study site. On the
contrary, in 2009 the regression lines of the two fenced sectors clearly diverge from that of the open sector, showing less
steep slopes. This change in the slopes of the tendency lines, evidenced by the diversity/dominance diagrams and related to
an increase in species diversity, suggests the recovery of plant communities in the two fences between 2007 and 2009. In general,
plant communities subject to trampling tended to be poorer in species and less structured, since only dominant and tolerant
plant species persisted. Furthermore, limiting trampling appears to have produced positive changes in the dune vegetation
assemblage after a period of only two years. These results are encouraging for the management of coastal dune systems. They
highlight how a simple and cost-effective management strategy, based on passive recovery conservation measures (i.e., fence
building), can be a quick (1–2 years) and effective method for improving and safeguarding the diversity of dune plant communities. 相似文献
150.
Community-based collaborative groups involved in public natural resource management are assuming greater roles in planning,
project implementation, and monitoring. This entails the capacity of collaborative groups to develop and sustain new organizational
structures, processes, and strategies, yet there is a lack of understanding what constitutes collaborative capacity. In this
paper, we present a framework for assessing collaborative capacities associated with community-based public forest management
in the US. The framework is inductively derived from case study research and observations of 30 federal forest-related collaborative
efforts. Categories were cross-referenced with literature on collaboration across a variety of contexts. The framework focuses
on six arenas of collaborative action: (1) organizing, (2) learning, (3) deciding, (4) acting, (5) evaluating, and (6) legitimizing.
Within each arena are capacities expressed through three levels of social agency: individuals, the collaborative group itself,
and participating or external organizations. The framework provides a language and set of organizing principles for understanding
and assessing collaborative capacity in the context of community-based public forest management. The framework allows groups
to assess what capacities they already have and what more is needed. It also provides a way for organizations supporting collaboratives
to target investments in building and sustaining their collaborative capacities. The framework can be used by researchers
as a set of independent variables against which to measure collaborative outcomes across a large population of collaborative
efforts. 相似文献