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Rosas Pérez I Serrano J Alfaro-Moreno E Baumgardner D García-Cuellar C Martín Del Campo JM Raga GB Castillejos M Colín RD Osornio Vargas AR 《Chemosphere》2007,67(6):1218-1228
Previous studies have used particle mass and size as metrics to link airborne particles with deleterious health effects. Recent evidence suggests that particle composition can play an important role in PM-toxicity; however, little is known about the specific participation of components (individually or acting in groups) present in such a complex mixture that accounts for toxicity. This work explores relationships among PM(10) components in order to identify their covariant structure and how they vary in three sites in Mexico City. Relationships between PM(10) with cell toxicity and geographical location were also explored. PM(10) was analyzed for elemental composition, organic and elemental carbon, endotoxins and the induction of inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6, TNFalpha and p53. PM(10) variables were evaluated with principal component analysis and one-way ANOVA. The inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6 and TNFalpha were evaluated with factorial ANOVA and p53 with the Welch test. The results indicate that there is heterogeneity in particle mass, composition and toxicity in samples collected at different sites. Multivariate analysis identified three major groups: (1) S/K/Ca/Ti/Mn/Fe/Zn/Pb; (2) Cl/Cr/Ni/Cu; and (3) endotoxins, organic and elemental carbon. Groups 1 and 3 showed significant differences among sites. Factorial ANOVA modeling indicated that cell proliferation was affected by PM concentration; TNFalpha and IL-6 by the interaction of concentration and site, and p53 was different by site. Radial plots suggest the existence of complex interactions between components, resulting in characteristic patterns of toxicity by site. We conclude that interactions of PM(10) components determine specific cellular outcomes. 相似文献
123.
Dissolved organic matter from natural sources (DNOM) is omnipresent in aquatic ecosystems. Besides affecting bioavailability of substances including xenobiotics, it directly influences physico-chemistry of the habitat and there is increasing evidence for it is interaction with organisms. We investigated direct and interacting effects of DNOM from three sources, Lake Valkea-Kotinen, Svartberget Brook, and Lake Fuchskuhle with the herbicide paraquat on the oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus. Bioavailability of paraquat to L. variegates as well as activities of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and biotransformation enzyme soluble glutathione S-transferase (sGST) were assessed without and in the presence of DNOM. Furthermore, metabolic heat dissipation due to the exposure was quantified. Uptake of paraquat into the worms was concentration dependently reduced by DNOM, and with differences concerning the DNOM sources. sGST and CAT responded with increased activities to DNOM (5 and 25 mg C l-1) and paraquat (5.0, 50, and 500 microg l-1) separately. Paraquat at 5.0 microg l-1 and DNOM in combination caused increased activities of sGST, especially at 5 mgC l-1, but inhibition of CAT activities. The latter probably occurred due to saturation of the enzyme. Changes in enzyme activities were independent from the source of DNOM. Increasing DNOM concentrations raised metabolic heat dissipation in L. variegatus with maximum at 3h of exposure. In the combined treatments, metabolic heat dissipation changed more due to the source of DNOM than due to the bioavailability of paraquat. 相似文献
124.
Mineralization of paracetamol in aqueous medium by anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond electrode 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Brillas E Sirés I Arias C Cabot PL Centellas F Rodríguez RM Garrido JA 《Chemosphere》2005,58(4):399-406
The degradation of 100ml of solutions with paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide) up to 1 g l(-1) in the pH range 2.0-12.0 has been studied by anodic oxidation in a cell with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a graphite cathode, both of 3-cm2 area, by applying a current of 100, 300 and 450 mA between 25 and 45 degrees C. Complete mineralization is always achieved due to the great concentration of hydroxyl radical (*OH) generated at the BDD surface, with release of NH4+ and NO3- ions. The mineralization rate is pH-independent, increases with increasing applied current and temperature, but decreases when drug concentration raises from 315 mg l(-1). Reversed-phase chromatography revealed a similar complex paracetamol decay in acid and alkaline media. Ion-exclusion chromatography allowed the detection of oxalic and oxamic acids as ultimate carboxylic acids. When the same solutions have been comparatively treated with a Pt anode, a quite poor mineralization is found because of the production of much lower *OH concentration. Under these conditions, the degradation rate is enhanced in alkaline medium and polymerization of intermediates is favored in concentrated solutions. Paracetamol can be completely destroyed with Pt and its kinetics follows a pseudo-first-order reaction with a constant rate independent of pH. 相似文献
125.
The impact of nitrogen fertilizers on gaseous emissions duringwinter and spring-thaw is not well understood and was the objective of this research. Using a micrometeorological method,N2O, NO and NOx fluxes from ryegrass were measured from November 1997 to March 1998. Three different mineralfertilizers were applied in November: urea (U), slow-release urea(SRU) and ammonium nitrate (AN). N2O emissions during the winter were small, increasing significantly in March. Total losses of N2O-N were significantly higher from SRU and U plots, with winter N2O emissions accounting for 50% of annual losses. Nitric oxide fluxes from all plots weresmall during the measurement period (<0.9 ng N m-2 s-1). The NO fluxes from U and AN fertilized plots were significantly higher than from SRU and control plots. NO2 fluxes were always negative (–6 ng N m-2 s-1)indicating deposition, but decreased to –2 ng N m-2s-1 when snow was present on the soil surface. Our resultsindicate that the form of inorganic N applied has an effect on NO+ N2O emissions but not on NO2 fluxes.Sponsored by CAPES – Brasília, Brazil 相似文献
126.
Cooperation among non-kin has been attributed sometimes to reciprocal altruism: Two or more individuals exchange behaviour
that benefits the respective partner. According to direct reciprocity, cooperation is based on past behaviour of a known partner.
In contrast, in generalised reciprocity, cooperation is based on anonymous social experience where the identity of the partner
is irrelevant. In a previous study, female Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were found to cooperate according to a generalised reciprocity mechanism. In this study, we tested whether Norway rats would
also cooperate as predicted by a direct reciprocity mechanism and whether direct reciprocity would cause a higher propensity
to cooperate than generalised reciprocity. Focal animals were experimentally manipulated to receive social experience from
known or unknown, helpful or defecting partners in an instrumental cooperative task. Our first experiment shows that rats
are more helpful towards a partner from which they had received help before than towards a partner that had not helped (i.e.
direct reciprocity). Our second experiment revealed that after receiving help by others, rats were more helpful towards a
partner from which they had received help before than towards a new partner (i.e. direct reciprocity generated a higher cooperation
propensity than generalised reciprocity). We conclude that in female Norway rats, the tendency to cooperate is influenced
by partner-specific information. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate direct reciprocity in rodents, and
it is the first study testing direct vs generalised reciprocity in animals. 相似文献
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Twum Florence Appiah Long Xingle Salman Muhammad Mensah Claudia Nyarko Kankam William Adomako Tachie Andrew Kwamena 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(14):17119-17131
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study employs super-efficiency DEA model with desirable inputs and an undesirable output in calculating environmental efficiency values in... 相似文献
130.
Malacarne Ingra Tais De Souza Daniel Vitor Alpire Maria Esther Suarez Souza Ana Carolina Flygare Renno Ana Claudia Muniz Ribeiro Daniel Araki 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(46):65083-65093
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aim of this review was to evaluate if micronucleus assay in oral exfoliated cells is a suitable tool for biomonitoring children exposed to... 相似文献