Leaching and sorption of neonicotinoid insecticides and fungicides from seed coatings

Seed coatings are a treatment used on a variety of crops to improve production and offer protection against pests and fungal outbreaks. The leaching of the active ingredients associated with the seed coatings and the sorption to soil was evaluated under laboratory conditions using commercially available corn and soybean seeds to study the fate and transport of these pesticides under controlled conditions. The active ingredients (AI) included one neonicotinoid insecticide (thiamethoxam) and five fungicides (azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metalaxyl, sedaxane thiabendazole). An aqueous leaching experiment was conducted with treated corn and soybean seeds. Leaching potential was a function of solubility and seed type. The leaching of fludioxonil, was dependent on seed type with a shorter time to equilibrium on the corn compared to the soybean seeds. Sorption experiments with the treated seeds and a solution of the AIs were conducted using three different soil types. Sorption behavior was a function of soil organic matter as well as seed type. For most AIs, a negative relationship was observed between the aqueous concentration and the log K_oc. Sorption to all soils tested was limited for the hydrophilic pesticides thiamethoxam and metalaxyl. However, partitioning for the more hydrophobic fungicides was dependent on both seed type and soil properties. The mobility of fludioxonil in the sorption experiment varied by seed type indicating that the adjuvants associated with the seed coating could potentially play a role in the environmental fate of fludioxonil. This is the first study to assess, under laboratory conditions, the fate of pesticides associated with seed coatings using commercially available treated seeds. This information can be used to understand how alterations in agricultural practices (e.g., increasing use of seed treatments) can impact the exposure (concentration and duration) and potential effects of these chemicals to aquatic and terrestrial organisms.     

二级Fenton氧化高浓度有机硅废水研究

采用二级Fenton氧化技术对可生化性差的高浓度有机硅废水进行处理,考察了不同因素对COD去除率的影响,对比了一级氧化和二级氧化的效果。结果表明对于COD为9 600 mg/L的高浓度有机硅废水,pH为3,[H2O2]/[Fe2+]=2∶1为最佳的反应条件,COD去除率随着H2O2的投加量的增大先增大而后减小,每200 mL水样中先投加20%的硫酸亚铁12 mL,然后分2次投加30%的H2O2各4 mL,氧化完成后调整pH值为7~8静止沉淀,COD去除率达89.2%。对于某绝缘电器厂的生产废水经二级Fenton氧化处理后,出水有机物浓度显著降低,可生化性提高,Fenton二级氧化可以作为高浓度有机硅废水的预处理工艺。     

Ecological risk analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Laizhou Bay

The current research aims at developing predictive models for trihalomethane (THM) formation in Lebanon based on field-scale investigations as well as laboratory controlled experimentations. Statistical analysis on field data revealed significant correlations for TTHM with chlorine dose, Specific UV-A, and UV(254) absorbing organics. Simulated distribution system-THM tests showed significant correlations with applied chlorine dose, total organic carbon, bromides, contact time, and temperature. Predictive models, formulated using multiple regression approaches, exhibiting the highest coefficients of determination were quadratic for the directly after chlorination (DAC; r(2) = 0.39, p < 0.036) and network (r(2) = 0.33, p < 0.064) THM databases, and logarithmic for the laboratory simulated THM database (r(2) = 0.70, p < 0.001). Computed r(2) values implied low correlations for the DAC and network THM database, and high correlation for the laboratory simulated THM database. Significance of the models were at the 0.05 level for DAC database, 0.10 level for the network database, and very high (<0.01 level) for the laboratory simulated THM database. It is noteworthy to mention that no previous attempts to assess, monitor, and predict THM concentrations in public drinking water have been reported for the country although a large fraction of the population consumes chlorinated public drinking water.     

蓝藻水华的拦截和陷阱捕获综合控藻技术研究

基于水文气象条件对巢湖蓝藻水华分布的影响,在西北岸万年埠的迎风岸湖段设置蓝藻水华拦截围隔和蓝藻水华捕获陷阱。通过连续监测,比较围隔内外蓝藻生物量和浮游植物多样性的差异,检测水华陷阱的蓝藻捕获效率,从而对蓝藻水华拦截和陷阱处置综合控藻技术的作用进行评估。结果表明：（1）陷阱设置在西半湖万年埠湖段是科学合理的,监测表明蓝藻水华生物量受风力和水流驱使主要聚集在沿岸带区域;（2）水华拦截围隔对蓝藻水华有很好的拦截效果,在水华暴发期间蓝藻围栏可以拦截50%以上的蓝藻水华和50% 以上的Chla浓度,水华拦截区围隔内的生物多样性指数显著高于拦截围栏之外的水域;（3）陷阱对微囊藻水华的聚集捕获效果显著,在适宜气象条件下聚集效率约为2 kg/(m2·d）。这些研究结果说明该综合技术有很好的控藻效果,具有良好的应用前景     

基于主成分分析的江苏省水资源承载力研究

随着水资源短缺和水污染问题的加剧,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,水资源承载力已成为衡量区域可持续发展的一项重要指标。以江苏省水资源承载力为研究对象,运用主成分分析法对江苏省的水资源承载力从时间和空间两个角度进行综合评价。研究表明：影响水资源承载力的因子主要包括经济发展因子、人口因子和水资源自然状况因子;2000~2009年,江苏省的水资源承载力整体上呈现出稳步递增的趋势;从空间上来看,江苏省内的水资源承载力存在明显的地区差异,苏南的水资源承载力最大,苏中次之,苏北最小,这主要是受到地区经济发展不平衡和水资源条件的影响。为了保证社会经济的可持续发展,必须合理、高效地利用水资源,充分发挥水资源的承载潜力     

Miscanthus and switchgrass production in central Illinois: impacts on hydrology and inorganic nitrogen leaching

Biomass crops are being promoted as environmentally favorable alternatives to fossil fuels or ethanol production from maize (Zea mays L.), particularly across the Corn Belt of the United States. However, there are few if any empirical studies on inorganic N leaching losses from perennial grasses that are harvested on an annual basis, nor has there been empirical evaluation of the hydrologic consequences of perennial cropping systems. Here we report on the results of 4 yr of field measurements of soil moisture and inorganic N leaching from a conventional maize-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] system and two unfertilized perennial grasses harvested in winter for biomass: Miscanthus x giganteus and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum cv. Cave-in-Rock). All crops were grown on fertile Mollisols in east-central Illinois. Inorganic N leaching was measured with ion exchange resin lysimeters placed 50 cm below the soil surface. Maize--soybean nitrate leaching averaged 40.4 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), whereas switchgrass and Miscanthus had values of 1.4 and 3.0 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Soil moisture monitoring (to a depth of 90 cm) indicated that both perennial grasses dried the soil out earlier in the growing season compared with maize-soybean. Later in the growing season, soil moisture under switchgrass tended to be greater than maize-soybean or Miscanthus, whereas the soil under Miscanthus was consistently drier than under maize--soybean. Water budget calculations indicated that evapotranspiration from Miscanthus was about 104 mm yr(-1) greater than under maize-soybean, which could reduce annual drainage water flows by 32% in central Illinois. Drainage water is a primary source of surface water flows in the region, and the impact ofextensive Miscanthus production on surface water supplies and aquatic ecosystems deserves further investigation.     

现代企业安全管理信息系统的构建

论述现代企业安全管理信息系统的功能需求、基本框架、核心功能和系统特点。该系统把信息技术、网络技术及GIS应用到企业安全管理中,并融入安全学习志的管理理念,同时对基于联动机制的企业安全应急决策系统综合理论及其应用进行了研究。通过该系统的建立,使安全管理工作逐步走向科学化、系统化和规范化,对提高目前安全管理水平具有实际意义。     

基于安全学习志的安全管理信息系统构建

通过分析论述安全学习志及安全管理信息系统的发展与特点,提出基于安全学习志安全管理信息系统的逻辑结构、总体构架和功能结构,以及从方法和技术角度为“安全学习志”在企业安全管理的应用提供一个全新的实现方案。本文把安全学习志这种理念融入到企业安全管理中,并对安全应急决策系统综合理论及安全管理信息系统建立技术方案的研究,目的在于为今后进一步的安全管理信息系统开发作理论和技术方法探索。     

GEO-SLOPE软件在某滑坡稳定性计算中的应用

以某滑坡为例,在充分分析其成因机制基础上,运用GEO-SLOPE软件对该滑坡的整体稳定性进行计算分析。结合室内试验、工程地质类比及参数反演确定稳定性计算参数,考虑到未来水库蓄水,在不同工况下对滑坡的稳定性进行计算,计算结果表明该滑坡的整体稳定性较好,只是在考虑地震作用的时候滑坡的整体稳定性迅速下降,甚至处于临稳状态。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from white pine (Pinus strobus) needles and its implications

A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from fresh and fallen pine needles. Toluene-modified CO2 was used as the extracting fluid, and the extracted PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS. Using a two-stage extraction procedure, a static extraction at 180 degrees C and a dynamic extraction at 60 degrees C, and an in-cell silica gel plug plus a post-oven silica gel column, the extraction and fractionation of PAHs can be accomplished in one step. Over a seven month period, a significant variation was observed for PAHs in urban samples, while PAHs in mountain samples were at much lower levels (by a factor of approximately 8) and showed little seasonal change. Although dry fallen needles and fresh needles contained similar amounts of PAHs, in the fallen needles the lower molecular weight PAHs were partially lost while the higher molecular weight PAHs were slightly enriched. Pollution in urban areas was found to be highly localized, and buildings and trees are believed to be important factors in the restriction of atmospheric PAHs.