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Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shu Tao Yi Wang Shiming Wu Shuzheng Liu Han Dou Yanan Liu Chang Lang Fei Hu Baoshan Xing 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9594-9602
Air samples were collected using active samplers at various heights of 8, 15, 32, 47, 65, 80, 102, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 280 and 320 m on a meteorological tower in an urban area of Beijing in two campaigns in winter 2006. Altitudinal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric boundary layer of Beijing in winter season were investigated. Meteorological conditions during the studied period were characterized by online measurements of four meteorological parameters as well as trajectory calculation. The mean total concentrations of 15 PAHs except naphthalene of gaseous and particulate phase were 667±450 and 331±144 ng m−3 in January and 61±19 and 29±6 ng m−3 in March, respectively. Domestic coal combustion and vehicle emission were the dominant PAH sources in winter. Although the composition profiles derived from the two campaigns were similar, the concentrations were different by one order of magnitude. The higher concentrations in January were partly caused by higher emission due to colder weather than March. Moreover, weak wind, passing through the city center before the sampling site, picked up more contaminants on the way and provided unfavorable dispersion condition in January. For both campaigns, PAH concentrations decreased with heights because of ground-level emission and unfavorable dispersion conditions in winter. The concentration ratio of PAHs in gas versus solid phases was temperature dependent and negatively correlated to their octanol–air partition coefficients. 相似文献
164.
Welt M Mielke HW Gonzales C Cooper KM Batiste CG Cresswell LH Mielke PW 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2003,25(4):387-396
This research examines the pattern of sediment contamination of an urban bayou of New Orleans (formerly a natural waterway) and the potential for human exposure from consumption of fish caught in the bayou. Sediments and soils of Bayou Saint John were evaluated for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd). Sediment cores were collected at bridges (n = 130) and sites between the bridges (n = 303) of the bayou. In addition, soil samples (n = 66) were collected along the banks of the bayou. Sediments below the bridges contain significantly more (p-value approximately 10(-7)) Pb and Zn (medians of 241 and 230 mg kg(-1), respectively) than bayou sediments located between bridges (medians of 64 and 77 mg kg(-1), respectively). Sediments below bridges of the upper reaches of the bayou contain significantly larger amounts of metals (p < 10(-14) for Pb and Zn and p approximately 10(-8) for Cd) (medians of 329, 383 and 1.5, respectively) than sediments below bridges in the lower reaches of the bayou (medians of 43, 31 and 0.5 for Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively). Likewise, medians for sediments located between bridges contain significantly (p < 10(-14)) higher quantities of Pb, Zn and Cd (170, 203 and 1.8 mg kg(-1), respectively) in the upper bayou than Pb, Zn, and Cd (48, 32, and 0.8 mg kg(-1), respectively) in the lower reaches of the bayou. The potential risk for human exposure may be magnified by the fact that fishing generally occurs from the numerous bridges that cross the bayou. Poor and minority people do most of the fishing. Most people (87%) indicated they ate fish they caught from the Bayou. 相似文献
165.
Corey J A Bradshaw Yusuke Fukuda Mike Letnic Barry W Brook 《Ecological applications》2006,16(4):1436-1448
It has been demonstrated repeatedly that the degree to which regulation operates and the magnitude of environmental variation in an exploited population will together dictate the type of sustainable harvest achievable. Yet typically, harvest models fail to incorporate uncertainty in the underlying dynamics of the target population by assuming a particular (unknown) form of endogenous control. We use a novel approach to estimate the sustainable yield of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) populations from major river systems in the Northern Territory, Australia, as an example of a system with high uncertainty. We used multimodel inference to incorporate three levels of uncertainty in yield estimation: (1) uncertainty in the choice of the underlying model(s) used to describe population dynamics, (2) the error associated with the precision and bias of model parameter estimation, and (3) environmental fluctuation (process error). We demonstrate varying strength of evidence for density regulation (1.3-96.7%) for crocodiles among 19 river systems by applying a continuum of five dynamical models (density-independent with and without drift and three alternative density-dependent models) to time series of density estimates. Evidence for density dependence increased with the number of yearly transitions over which each river system was monitored. Deterministic proportional maximum sustainable yield (PMSY) models varied widely among river systems (0.042-0.611), and there was strong evidence for an increasing PMSY as support for density dependence rose. However, there was also a large discrepancy between PMSY values and those produced by the full stochastic simulation projection incorporating all forms of uncertainty, which can be explained by the contribution of process error to estimates of sustainable harvest. We also determined that a fixed-quota harvest strategy (up to 0.2K, where K is the carrying capacity) reduces population size much more rapidly than proportional harvest (the latter strategy requiring temporal monitoring of population size to adjust harvest quotas) and greatly inflates the risk of resource depletion. Using an iconic species recovering from recent extreme overexploitation to examine the potential for renewed sustainable harvest, we have demonstrated that incorporating major forms of uncertainty into a single quantitative framework provides a robust approach to modeling the dynamics of exploited populations. 相似文献
166.
应用发光菌测定有机化合物的毒性 总被引:11,自引:4,他引:11
本文介绍了化合物对发光菌半数抑制发光强度的毒性测定方法,测定了几十种芳烃类化合物的毒性,发现不同取代基或取代位置的芳烃毒性不同,并且对发光菌的毒性与对黑呆头鱼的毒性有相关性。 相似文献
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169.
Iain C. Field Corey J. A. Bradshaw John van den Hoff Harry R. Burton Mark A. Hindell 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1441-1452
Southern elephant seals are important apex predators in a highly variable and unpredictable marine environment. In the presence
of resource limitation, foraging behaviours evolve to reduce intra-specific competition increasing a species’ overall probability
of successful foraging. We examined the diet of 141 (aged 1–3 years) juvenile southern elephant seals to test the hypotheses
that differences between ages, sexes and seasons in diet structure occur. We described prey species composition for common
squid and fish species and the mean size of cephalopod prey items for these age groups. Three cephalopod species dominated
the stomach samples, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Histioteuthis eltaninae and Slosarczykovia circumantarcticus. We found age-related differences in both species composition and size of larger prey species that probably relate to ontogenetic
changes in diving ability and haul-out behaviour and prey availability. These changes in foraging behaviour and diet are hypothesised
to reduce intra-specific food competition concomitant with the increase in foraging niche of growing juveniles. 相似文献
170.