Changes in sea urchin populations after the destruction of kelp beds

In St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, there are large areas in which sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) have eliminated beds of kelp (Laminaria spp.). Sites were identified where destruction of kelp beds had taken place 1, 2, 3, 3.5 and 4 years ago. With increase of time since kelp disappearance, the sea urchins showed decreased growth rate, reduced gonad size, but an increase in numbers resulting from high recruitment rates in the first two years after kelp bed destruction. These sea urchin populations, by their browsing, effectively prevent the regeneration of kelp. There is, as yet, no evidence of the sea urchin populations being starved out to allow the kelp to return.     

松花江中游(哨口-松花江村段)水中有毒有机物污染研究

1983—1990年,在松花江中游(哨口—松花江村)138公里江段中,进行七次五断面追踪水团采样,采用高分子微球GDX—502吸附富集,GC定性定量,GC/MS定性验证。依据有机物检出率、毒性持久性、有点源排放、分析方法适用等因素,筛选出65种主要有毒有机物。化合物总浓度逐年降低,石油烷烃、芳烃浓度增加;属致癌致变性化合物21种,EPA优测物21种,建议的优先控制黑名单20种;有点源排入的占90％以上,污染源来自吉化主要入江污水口;封冰期比其它水文期污染增强;该江段污染特征为氯代链烃、氯代苯类、硝基芳烃种类多、浓度高,应为重点控制对象。     

氨水活化的活性炭纤维的脱硫作用

通过使用氨水作活化剂对沥青基炭纤维进行活化，制香了表面富含氮元素的活性纤维，元素分析和XPS均证实此种活化方法可在活性炭纤维上引入停含炭纤维上引入含氮宫能团，所得活性炭纤维在H2O和O2存在下脱除模拟烟气中SO2的活性显著高于用常规方法化（如水蒸汽）制香的活性炭纤维，也高于含氮的聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维，对引入到ACF表面的含氮官能团的种类及其在脱硫过程中所起的作用进行了分析。     

过氧化氢酶活性及活性抑制的测定

广泛存在微生物及动植物体内的过氧化氢酶已应用于生态毒理及生态化学的研究领域，本文主要介绍了通过肝过氧化氢酶活性抑制的测定，来估价受试化学品对水生生物急性及亚急性效应的方法。     

吐鲁番盆地水资源利用对策初探

就干旱缺水的吐鲁番盆地水资源利用问题提出了一些建议。     

On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles(LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons(HC) and nitrogen oxides(NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential(OFP) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity(MIR)method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.     

Development of community of practice to support quantitative risk assessment for synthetic biology products: contaminant bioremediation and invasive carp control as cases

Synthetic biology has the potential for a broad array of applications. However, realization of this potential is challenged by the paucity of relevant data for conventional risk assessment protocols, a limitation due to to the relative nascence of the field, as well as the poorly characterized and prioritized hazard, exposure, and dose–response considerations associated with the development and use of synthetic biology-derived organisms. Where quantitative risk assessment approaches are necessarily to fulfill regulatory requirements for review of products containing genetically modified organisms, this paper reviews one potential avenue for early-stage quantitative risk assessment for biosafety considerations of synthetic biology organism deployment into the environment. Building from discussion from a March 2018 US Army Engineer Research and Development Center workshop on developing such quantitative risk assessment for synthetic biology, this paper reviews the findings and discussion of workshop participants. This paper concludes that, while synthetic biology risk assessment and governance will continue to refine and develop in the coming years, a quantitative framework that builds from existing practice is one potentially beneficial option for risk assessors that must contend with the technology’s limited hazard characterization or exposure assessment considerations in the near term.     

Optimizing emission inventory for chemical transport models by using genetic algorithm

Air pollutant emission inventory is an important input parameter for chemical transport models (CTMs). Since great uncertainties exist in the emission inventory, further improvements and refinements are required. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA), a global search and optimization method, was applied to optimize the emission inventory for the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. An emission optimizing system based on GA was developed and embedded to the CMAQ through the design of several core modules, which implemented the basic functions such as emission adjusting, GA population initializing, CMAQ results evaluating and GA operating. Hypothetical and real-data experiments were respectively performed to examine the validity of GA for emission calibrating. GA showed good performance in both experiments and was always able to find the global minimum. The emission optimizing system was then used to calibrate seasonal PM₁₀ emission inventories of Beijing. Results revealed that PM₁₀ emission in Beijing was underestimated in 2002, an average of 62.74% higher adjustment factor should be imposed on the original emission in target months of different seasons. With the calibrated emission inventories, CMAQ model errors were decreased by 6.46% on average in different seasons. It was concluded that GA was a promising search technique in calibrating emission inputs for CTMs.     

典型山地城市河流营养元素空间分布特征及影响因素分析:以重庆市清水溪为例

城市地表水水环境问题严重制约城市的进一步发展和市民对美好生活的向往,因此广受社会各方关注.由于地形特殊,与平原城市相比,山地城市地表水水环境特征及污染问题有其自身特点.在2019年8月和10月两次通过采集位于重庆市主城区典型山地城市河流——清水溪干支流地表水和干流河底沉积物,并监测地表水、沉积物样品中碳、氮和磷等营养元素以及其它基本理化指标.结果表明,现阶段清水溪地表水属劣Ⅴ类,在综合污染指数评价体系中属严重污染级别.在所有水质指标中,NH⁺₄和TP超标最为严重.清水溪地表水水质呈现出支流优于干流、降雨期优于非降雨期的时空分布特征.污染源、尾水/支流汇入和河流自净能力共同决定了营养元素在清水溪干流地表水中的空间分布规律.源头污水直排和中下游的污水溢流等点源污染是清水溪干流地表水最主要的污染源,面源污染对水质的影响有限,河底沉积物在河流处于不同的水量条件下会发生营养元素“汇”与“源”间的相互转化,体现出内源污染的复杂性.支流/污水处理站尾水汇入的稀释作用,以及由于山地河流地表水中高DO导致其较高的自净能力,使得干流地表水水质向下游有逐步改善的趋...