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121.
122.
Filamentous cyanophytes containing phycourobilin and in symbiosis with sponges and an ascidian of coral reefs 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A study was made of the ultrastructure and pigment composition of filamentous cyanophytes living in symbiosis with several sponges and a colonial didemnid ascidian collected from the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, between 1983 and 1986. The sponges were Dysidea herbacea Keller and several other encrusting sponges which have not been identified; the ascidian was Trididemnum miniatum Kott (1977). The cyanophyte Oscillatoria spongeliae (Shultz) Hauck was identified as the symbiont of several of the sponges, including D. herbacea. Two other unidentified Oscillatoria species were found in a bristly papillate sponge and in T. miniatum. Chlorophyll a, alone, was present in all the symbionts with the exception of T. miniatum, which contained the cosymbiont Prochloron and where chlorophyll b was also present. Two phycoerythrins were isolated by chromatography and chromatofocusing. Both resembled C-phycoerythrin, but one of the two carried the chromophore phycourobilin as well as phycoerythrobilin possibly on both the and subunits, which had apparent molecular masses of 18 and 20 kdaltons. No subunit was present. Ultrastructurally, the three Oscillatoria species were distinguished by an unusual type of parallel, longitudinal, thylakoid organisation; the arrangement was different in detail in each species. 相似文献
123.
Sokratis Papaspyrou Trine Gregersen Erik Kristensen Bjarne Christensen Raymond P. Cox 《Marine Biology》2006,148(3):541-550
The effects of infaunal mode of life on sediment properties, microbial reaction rates, as well as abundance and composition
of bacterial communities were studied in sediment surrounding burrows (mucus lining, oxidised wall, ambient anoxic and surface
sediment) of two closely related, but behaviourally different, nereidid polychaete worms: the facultative suspension-feeder
Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor and the obligate deposit-feeder Nereis (Neanthes) virens. Burrow sediment of the two species was collected from two adjacent (50 m distance) shallow sandy locations (Kertinge Nor,
Denmark). The burrow lining and wall of both polychaete species were enriched in organic matter originating from mucous secretions
by the inhabitants and phytoplankton trapped through irrigation. This was more evident for N. diversicolor that shows a significantly higher irrigation rate than N. virens. Both the organic matter mineralisation rates (based on anaerobic incubations) and bacterial abundance were higher along
the burrow linings and walls. However, accumulation of porewater TCO2 and dissolved organic carbon in sediments adjacent to burrows increased most rapidly in the presence of N. diversicolor, suggesting higher heterotrophic activity associated with this species. Surprisingly, bacterial abundance was lower around
burrows of N. diversicolor than those from N. virens indicating that burrow environments from the first species harbour a more active bacterial community. Molecular fingerprints
of the 16S rRNA gene from bacterial communities showed that the composition of the burrow linings and walls resembled the
ambient anoxic sediment rather than the oxic sediment surface. On the other hand, the bacterial fingerprints of the sediment
surrounding the burrows of the two polychaete species were markedly different suggesting either a site-specific difference
in sediment parameters or a significant species-specific impact of the burrow inhabitants. 相似文献
124.
Primary production as influenced by diel periodicity of phytoplankton photosynthesis 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Diel periodicity in parameters of photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curves was incorporated into calculations of integral daily phytoplankton production for the Santa Barbara Channel off southern California (USA). Model equations of the relationship between photosynthesis and light were used in combination with observed slope () and asymptote (P
max) values presented in the preceding paper. Primary production was always 19 to 39% less than comparable estimates obtained with the assumption of constant maximum daily and P
max values. Regardless of which P-I formulation was used of 6 tested, observed production (using a temporal series of simulated in situ incubations) ranged from 13% less to 25% more than estimates from constant midday and P
max values. The amplitude and timing of diel oscillations differed somewhat among 3 field stations. Maximum to minimum ratios ranged from approximately 3 to 5 for , and 4 to 6 for P
max. The differences in amplitude and timing of oscillations in P-I curves both contributed to errors in calculating phytoplankton production. Thus, photosynthetic periodicity in the upwelling area of the Santa Barbara Channel influences phytoplankton production. There were oscillations in both and P
max, and the time-dependence of these parameters should be considered to improve the accuracy of predictive models of primary productivity. 相似文献
125.
Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments. 相似文献
126.
George A. Meindl Nicholas Schleissmann Brianna Sander Michael Lam Wyatt Parker Courtney Fitzgerald 《Chemistry and Ecology》2020,36(3):194-204
ABSTRACTHuman activity has led to widespread chemical alteration of natural environments. Aquatic ecosystems are especially susceptible to chemical changes, including those caused by runoff and invasive species. Here, we examined the effects of water chemistry, specifically sodium chloride as well as three metals (Ca, K, and Mn) known to differ between native and invasive wetland plant species’ leaf tissues, on the development of two model amphibians: the native Northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens, and the non-native African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We exposed frog eggs to metal treatment solutions and measured time to hatching (TTH), and following hatching, we exposed tadpoles to a lethal concentration of sodium chloride and recorded time to death (TTD). We found that increasing metal concentrations generally resulted in acceleration of TTH for Xenopus tadpoles, but had no effect on leopard frogs. However, increasing metal concentrations (Ca, Mn) increased leopard frog tadpole susceptibility to NaCl (decreased TTD), while increasing metal concentrations (Ca, K) generally resulted in decreased Xenopus tadpole susceptibility to NaCl. Overall, our data suggest that invasive amphibians may be more tolerant to chemical changes than native amphibians, including those driven by the introduction of invasive plant species. 相似文献
127.
Four colonies of Acropora formosa were incubate with Na2
14CO3 for separate 2 h periods within a 24 h period, and then returned to the reef from which they were collected. Terminal branches were collected at intervals over the following 5 d and analysed for radioactivity associated with the skeleton and certain organic pools. Colonies incubated at night showed little or no loss of fixed radioactivity during the 5 d on the reef. However, 50–60% of photosynthetically-fixed 14C was lost from the terminal branches during the first 40 h on the reef. This loss of radioactivity probably resulted from release of mucus and dissolved organic carbon from the coral tissues. Most of the loss of photosynthetically-fixed 14C was due to decrease in the radioactivity of lipids (80% of the total 14C loss) and methanol-water soluble compounds. Determination of any sequencing in metabolic compartments was made difficult by the rapidity with which 14C dissappeared from most of the metabolic pools measured. 14C was incorporated into the skeleton throughout the 5 d on the reef, although the rate of incorporation was very low in colonies which had been incubated with Na2
14CO3 at night. 相似文献
128.
Cox SS Little JC Hodgson AT 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2001,51(8):1195-1201
The initial solid-phase concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a key parameter influencing the emission characteristics of many indoor materials. Solid-phase measurements are typically made using solvent extraction or thermal headspace analysis. The high temperatures and chemical solvents associated with these methods can modify the physical structure of polymeric materials and, consequently, affect mass transfer characteristics. To measure solid-phase concentrations under conditions resembling those in which the material would be installed in an indoor environment, a new technique was developed for measuring VOC concentrations in vinyl flooring (VF) and similar materials. A 0.09-m2 section of new VF was punched randomly to produce -200 0.78-cm2 disks. The disks were milled to a powder at -140 degrees C to simultaneously homogenize the material and reduce the diffusion path length without loss of VOCs. VOCs were extracted from the VF particles at room temperature by fluidized-bed desorption (FBD) and by direct thermal desorption (DTD) at elevated temperatures. The VOCs in the extraction gas from FBD and DTD were collected on sorbent tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seven VOCs emitted by VF were quantified. Concentration measurements by FBD ranged from 5.1 microg/g VF for n-hexadecane to 130 microg/g VF for phenol. Concentrations measured by DTD were higher than concentrations measured by FBD. Differences between FBD and DTD results may be explained using free-volume and dual-mobility sorption theory, but further research is necessary to more completely characterize the complex nature of a diffusant in a polymer matrix. 相似文献
129.
Preference rankings for 13 macrophytes were established for the subtidal herbivorous snail Lithopoma undosum using two-choice laboratory experiments and consumption rates. L. undosum did not discriminate among three kelp foods (Egregia menziesii, Eisenia arborea and Macrocystis pyrifera) but ate kelp preferentially and more rapidly over all but Ulva spp. among tested macrophytes. Secondary preferences were established for the red alga Pterocladiella capillacea, followed by the coralline Lithothrix aspergillum, whereas the brown seaweeds Zonaria farlowii and Halidrys dioica and the seagrass Phyllospadix
torreyi were the least preferred macrophytes. Fastest consumption rates (1.91 g day−1) were measured in trials consisting only of kelp foods. These results indicate that L. undosum exhibits clear feeding preferences even when given less-preferred, non-kelp macrophytes. Using an ash-marker technique, we
determined total organic, carbon, and nitrogen assimilation efficiencies (AE%) for six macroalgae used in preference trials.
Tested macrophytes were assimilated at different efficiencies but a pattern was not detected between AE (%) and a macrophyte’s
position in L. undosum’s preference hierarchy. Highest total organic AEs were found for P. capillacea (61.2%) and H. dioica (59.4%); lowest AEs were detected for E. menziesii (34.9%), a preferred dietary item. Nitrogen was assimilated from red algae with higher efficiencies (74.9–84.3%) than from
brown or green algae. These data suggest that the digestive capabilities of L. undosum are better suited for assimilating organic material and nitrogen from less-preferred, non-kelp foods. This supports the hypothesis
that factors besides nutritional composition and digestive optimization have played a role in the evolution of feeding preferences
in L. undosum and probably other herbivorous snails associated with northeastern Pacific kelp beds. 相似文献
130.
Urban agriculture projects seek to ameliorate issues of food access and food security for people living in areas with low access to fresh foods, including food deserts. Within this discourse, community gardens have been promoted as vehicles to reclaim unused urban space, produce food locally and connect populations to their food sources and larger community. A variety of community garden models exist; in the Midwestern city of Rockford, Illinois, many community gardens grow food for donation to food pantries as part of a programme to benefit socioeconomically disadvantaged persons in the city. However, the ability of these gardens to involve neighbourhood participants and provide the social capital-related benefits attributed to community gardens in the literature is uncertain. Here we examine community gardens in Rockford, IL to assess the extent to which they contribute to residents’ ability to obtain fresh produce as well as other social benefits. Data for this project come from a combination of interviews with gardeners, focus groups with food pantry users and a survey of pantry users. We find that while non-gardening community members are benefitting from the increased produce that the gardens provide, they are not receiving all of the social and communal benefits associated with actively participating in a garden. 相似文献