Rain forest dwellers' livelihoods: income generation,household wealth and NTFP sales,a case study from Xishuangbanna,SW China

Through annual in-depth household questionnaire interviews of 60% of households in Daka and Baka villages from 1998 to 2004, we explored wealth-related differences and similarities in the sale of NTFPs of tropical rain forest fringe dwellers in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Contribution of different NTFPs to cash income and different seasonal access to NTFPs between Baka and Daka were analysed. There were significant differences in income and role of NTFPs per household between Baka and Daka related to different access to: NTFPs in forests, labour and market sales in different seasons. In Baka, the ranking of NTFP income was: fungi, wild vegetables, bamboo shoot in 2000 and 2001. Differences in gender and generational involvement in NTFP sales was also examined. For example, households without a son, as well as those with a female householder depended more on income from NTFPs and less on income from rubber than other households. Resource use patterns between relatively wealthy and poor households were also analysed. Wealthy households sold 2.50 ± 0.50 types while poor households sold 2.08 ± 0.26 NTFPs. The Gini coefficient of gross income per household for Baka in recent years was 0.393, increasing to 0.414 without NTFPs. The Gini coefficient of gross income for Daka in recent years was 0.291, increasing to 0.292 without NTFPs, showing the different role of NTFPs in mitigating wealth inequality in the two villages.     

土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物标志物技术的研究进展

抗生素作为抑菌或杀菌药物被广泛应用于畜禽养殖中。不能完全被机体吸收的抗生素经由畜禽排泄物直接进入环境。随着耐药基因和超级病菌的出现,抗生素产生的环境问题引起了广泛关注。土壤是环境中抗生素最主要的累积场所之一,对土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物指示指标的研究具有重要意义。本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,阐述了抗生素对土壤中微生物、动物和植物所产生的毒性以及分子生物标志物在土壤抗生素污染研究中的应用,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

Preparation and characterization of surface modified powder of calcium hydroxide used as chlorine scavenger

In order to avoid existing shortcomings of chlorine leakage treatment, we developed a new chlorine scavenger. The main composition of the chlorine scavenger was calcium hydroxide. The chlorine scavenger was prepared by wet process with water as solvent through adding surface active agent and silicone oil, etc. The influence of surfactant on modified powder was investigated, which included the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the sodium stearate, the water-soluble silicone oil, the emulsifying silicon oil and the amino silicone oil, and the effect of modification of judgment were illustrated, which mainly involved the sifting rate, the bulk density, the contact angle, on this basis, also the author analyzed the powder of modification by using SEM analysis and size distribution, The modified powder had the following characteristics: high absorptivity, anti-caking, good air permeability and so on. The results showed that overall performance of modified powder was better than the performance of unmodified powder. The adding amount of sodium stearate was preferably 2% while the optimum amount of emulsifying silicon oil and amino silicone oil was 3%. The comprehensive performance of powder modified with compound modifiers was better than the performance of the powder modified with a single modifier. The property of powder modified with sodium stearate and amino silicone oil had a good performance analyzed from the uniformity of particle size distribution of the powder and anti-caking. The powder modified with sodium stearate and emulsifying silicon oil had a good absorption rate of chlorine.     

赤泥制备光催化剂降解染料废水的研究

以固体废物赤泥为原料,采用酸溶-水热法制备光催化剂,并进行化学成分、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis)等物性测试分析.通过降解甲基橙模拟废水,探讨了制备过程中渣酸比、溶剂、水热反应pH值、水热反应温度等条件对赤泥制光催化剂活性的影响.将最佳条件下制备的光催化剂用于染料废水的处理,结果表明,染料废水COD去除率达到75.23％,出水COD值仅为123.07 mg/L,达到二级排放标准.这为氧化铝厂废渣-赤泥的综合利用提供了一条新思路.     

稳定塔安全阀起跳原因分析及对策

当工艺操作参数波动较大时,尤其是在开工阶段,杨易造成稳定塔安全阀起跳.分析了安全阀起跳的原因,认为主要原因是稳定塔负荷过大及稳定塔塔顶温度过高,提出了相应的预防安全阀起跳的工艺控制措施.     

南亚地震应急反应启示

2005年10月8日当地时间8时50分36．0秒,在巴基斯坦（北纬34．4度,东经73.6度）发生7．8级强烈地震．波及印度,阿富汗、印尼等国。地震给巴基斯坦造成重大经济损失和人员伤亡,约有8．6万人在地震中遇难,10多万人受伤,330万人无家可归。重创后的火区重建需要50亿美元和10年时间。印度官方统计．印控地区死亡约1000多人。     

印度洋地震海啸灾害浅析

地震震级大,震源浅 2004年12川26日发生在印度尼西亚苏门答腊附近海域的地震震级达8．7级,属于特大地震。地震发牛在澳大利亚板块与印度板块两大全球构造板块的交界处。地震区内,印度板块,相对缅甸板块,以6厘米／年速度向西北方向运动,住巽他海槽斜向俯冲收敛。印度板块向缅甸板块下长期俯冲,积累了巨大的应力和能量,突然释放,引起地壳剧烈震动。又由于震源浅(仅10公里),对海水的扰动强烈,从而引发了巨大的海啸。     

天津滨海新区湿地环境演化与景观格局动态

从历史演化和景观格局动态变化两个方面对天津滨海新区湿地生态系统的演变进行了研究。历史上天津地区为海洋,自滨海新区成陆以来,经历了多次的海浸和洪水淹没,海浸期间发生陆地湿地化,海退和洪水退却时发生水体湿地化。本文总结了自地质时期以来的历史演化模型。同时在GIS和RS技术支持下,运用FRAG-STATS软件,研究了1979-2008年滨海新区湿地景观格局动态变化特征。结果表明,随着滨海新区的发展和土地利用强度的增大,研究区景观斑块数量增加、平均斑块面积减少的趋势比较明显,景观呈现破碎化的趋势;总体上,近30年中,滨海新区湿地总面积变化不大,并没有大面积持续减少。景观破碎程度从1979年开始持续上升,中间略有波动,但总体上升较快。     

PM2.5通过NF-κB/NLRP3途径促进金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的研究

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))引发的呼吸系统疾病近年来成为公众关注焦点。为探究PM_(2.5)在金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎中产生的效应及其相关分子机制,将Balb/c小鼠随机分成6组:A.生理盐水对照,B. 5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),C.肺炎模型,D.肺炎模型+0.05 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),E.肺炎模型+0.5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),F.肺炎模型+5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),进行为期7 d的PM_(2.5)气道滴注暴露后,用细菌滴鼻构建金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎模型。结果发现,PM_(2.5)暴露造成了小鼠肺部损伤并促进了金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎,并随着PM_(2.5)浓度的升高愈发显著,体现为小鼠肺部出现了更显著的气道重塑、炎症细胞浸润现象,肺纤维化程度加深。其分子机制是PM_(2.5)首先引发小鼠肺部产生氧化应激,促进核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的激活,进而介导炎症小体NLRP3的活化,导致白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达升高,最终恶化了金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎。