Brominated dioxins and furans in a cement kiln co-processing municipal solid waste

A field study and theoretical calculations were performed to clarify the levels, profiles, and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PBDD/Fs) in a cement kiln co-processing solid waste, with a focus on the PBDF formation mechanism.The raw materials contributed greatly to input of PBDD/Fs into the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the raw materials were much higher than those in particle samples from different process stages in the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the clinkers were1.40% of the concentrations in the raw materials, which indicated that the high destruction efficiencies for PBDD/Fs by cement kiln. PBDD/F distribution patterns in particle samples collected from different process stages indicated the cement kiln backend was a major site for PBDD/F formation. PBDFs with high levels of halogenation, such as heptabrominated furans(Hp BDF), were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations and accounted for 42%–73% of the total PBDD/F concentrations in the particle samples. Our results showed that co-processing of municipal solid waste in a cement kiln may influence the congener profile of PBDD/Fs, especially for the higher halogenated PBDD fraction. In addition, there were significant correlations between the decabromodiphenyl ether and heptabrominated furan concentrations, which is an indicator of transformation from polybrominated diphenyl ethers to PBDD/Fs. Theoretical calculations were performed and demonstrated that elimination of HBr and Br_2 from polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the dominant formation pathways for PBDD/Fs. These pathways differed from that for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs).     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(Ⅲ)sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic(As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono- and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate(FS) and polyferric sulfate(PFS)performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)_2. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water( 10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As(0.9 μg/L–0.487 mg/L)than the US EPA regulatory limit(5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

Fe3O4/BC复合材料的制备及其吸附除磷性能

为解决磁性吸附剂Fe₃O₄不稳定、易在水中团聚以及吸附效率较低的问题,以BC（生物炭）为载体,采用化学共沉淀法制备了Fe₃O₄/BC（生物炭负载的纳米四氧化三铁）复合材料,并将其应用于水体中PO₄3--P的吸附去除;探究了Fe₃O₄/BC对水中PO₄3--P的吸附-解析性能,考察了纳米Fe₃O₄负载比例、吸附体系pH和初始ρ（PO₄3--P）等因素对Fe₃O₄/BC吸附PO₄3--P效率的影响,并考察了吸附机制.结果表明:所制备的Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒呈球形,均匀散布在生物炭表面;Fe₃O₄/BC复合材料能高效吸附水中的PO₄3--P,在pH=3、温度为25℃、ρ（PO₄3--P）为50 mg/L、Fe₃O₄/BC投加量为400 mg（二者质量比为1:1）,吸附3 h达到平衡后,Fe₃O₄/BC吸附PO₄3--P效率达到92.14%. Fe₃O₄/BC复合材料吸附PO₄3--P的机制包括配位体交换和静电吸引,吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程. Fe₃O₄/BC具有良好的解析性能,用c（NaOH）为2.0 mol/L的溶液对吸附PO₄3--P饱和后的Fe₃O₄/BC进行解析,解析效率达到80%.研究显示,Fe₃O₄/BC重复利用性好,在第4次利用后还能保持75%以上的吸附效率.      

Immigrant Pantoea agglomerans embedded within indigenous microbial aggregates：A novel spatial distribution of epiphytic bacteria

Immigrant bacteria located on leaf surfaces are important to the health of plants as well as to people who consume fresh fruits and vegetables. However, the spatial distribution and organization of these immigrant bacteria on leaf surfaces are still poorly understood. To examine the spatial organization of these strains, two bacterial strains on tobacco leaves： （1） an indigenous strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri Nov. Y2011 labeled with green fluorescent protein, and （2） an immigrant strain Pantoea agglomerans labeled with cyan fluorescent protein isolated from pear, were studied. Under moist conditions, P. agglomerans cells quickly disappeared from direct observation by laser- scanning confocal microscopy, although elution results indicated that large amounts of live cells were still present on the leaves. Following exposure to desiccation stress, particles of cyan fluorescent protein-labeled P. agglomerans were visible within cracked aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Detailed observation of sectioned aggregates showed that colonies of immigrant P. agglomerans were embedded within aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Furthermore, carbon-resource partitioning studies suggested that these two species could coexist without significant nutritional competition. This is the first observation of an immigrant bacterium embedding within aggregates of indigenous bacteria on leaves to evade harsh conditions in the phyllosphere.     

基于AHP-模糊综合评价的LNG接收站安全评价

介绍了一种基于层次分析法和模糊综合评价的LNG接收站的安全评价方法,根据LNG接收站工艺、环境等特点,建立LNG接收站安全评价指标,根据评价指标间的关系构造指标的判断矩阵,求出对应指标系统的权重,对指标进行评价。根据对国内某接收站的安全评价,提出相应的整改措施。     

Simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen using a novel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane aerated biofilm reactor is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor （CMABR） has been developed, to remove carbon organics and nitrogen simultaneously from one reactor. The results showed that CMABR has a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and nitrogen removal efficiency, as it is operated with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 20 h, and it also showed a perfect performance, even if the HRT was shortened to 12 h. In this period, the removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） reached 86%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and TN declined rapidly as the HRT was shortened to 8 h. This is because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber and very high organic loading rate. The fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were mainly distributed in the inner layer of the biofilm. The coexistence of AOB and eubacteria in one biofilm can enhance the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen.     

厌氧-缺氧-好氧系统中β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性研究

文章通过对厌氧-缺氧-好氧系统中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的研究,了解其与生化参数的相互关系。研究表明,用β-葡萄糖苷酶活性可代替MLSS、MLVSS或VSS/SS来表征微生物的活性;系统中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与COD关系密切,且随污泥负荷的增加而增大;β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与总有机碳去除的TOC的关系与COD相似。     

Shinella zoogloeoides BC026对吡啶的降解特性研究

从首钢焦化厂的污水处理系统中分离1株能以吡啶为唯一碳、氮源的细菌BC026,它具有自絮凝特性,对卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素和壮观霉素具有抗性,可在阿须贝无氮培养基中良好生长.通过16S rRNA序列分析和Biolog微生物鉴定系统鉴定,确定该菌为Shinella zoogloeoides.纯菌对单基质的降解实验表明,在30℃、180 r/min和pH为7的条件下,当投菌量为0.1 g,L时,BC026可在17 h内将400 mg/L吡啶完全降解;在吡啶初始浓度为99～1 806 mg/L的无机盐培养基中,BC026均能保持降解活性,较高初始浓度的吡啶对BC026的生长产生一定抑制,但BC026在适应后对吡啶的降解速率较快;降解最适温度为30～35℃,最适pH为8.BC026对吡啶的代谢途径研究表明:降解的第一步是断开吡啶的2条C-N链,生成氨氮和戊二醛,随后戊二醛被氧化为戊二酸,并最终转化为二氧化碳和水;吡啶中的氮有59.5%转化成氨氮.     

环境激素的种类及危害分析

环境激素（环境荷尔蒙和环境内分泌）干扰物质是一类具有高稳定性、难生物降解的持久性有机化合物,因其引起的环境污染问题受到广泛关注。本文系统地分析了环境激素类干扰物质的来源、种类及与生物体作用机制,并讨论了它们进入人体的途径以及对生物和人类的危害,通过调查国内环境激素污染问题,指出环境激素污染存在的广泛性,需要引起政府部门高度重视,进一步加强防治环境激素污染工作力度。     

高矿化度矿井水饮用处理新方案探讨

在分析常规高矿化度矿井水处理方案的基础上提出分质供水和终端除盐两种新方案,以实例进行了经济分析,认为“分质供水,建立矿区小型脱盐段质饮用水站,桶装供应”经济可行,这在其它特殊矿井水饮用处理中同样具有参考价值。