固载型TiO2光催化反应器对富营养水体杀藻作用研究

以泡沫镍作为载体，利用电沉积技术将纳米TiO₂负载在泡沫镍上，制成固载型TiO₂光催化反应器。研究表明，经过光催化反应器处理的富营养水体，30 h内叶绿素a由96.2 mg/m³降至2.2mg/m³，下降率达97.6％，而未负载纳米TiO₂普通泡沫镍材料，在同样光强的紫外灯照射下，叶绿素a下降率为74.3％，表明紫外光照射虽然也具有一定的杀藻功能，但是光催化反应才是藻类被杀灭的主要原因。利用9.54 m³景观喷水池进行杀藻中试，光催化反应器也同样表现出优异的杀藻性能，12 d内叶绿素a由18.7 mg/m³降至1.9mg/m³，下降率达到89.8％，水体由浓绿变为清澈见底，这表明光催化反应器具有很强的杀藻能力，通过有效杀灭富营养水体中藻类、控制藻类基数，对应急处理城市景观水、湖泊等富营养水体和突发性藻华，提高生物-生态法处理效率，改善城市水环境具有十分重要的意义。     

Level and distribution of DDT in surface soils from Tianjin, China

One hundred and eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Tianjin area to study the contamination of DDT and its metabolites. Measurements were taken for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT for all samples. The results indicated that p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were the predominant contaminant compounds in the surface soil samples, with mean concentrations of 27.5 and 18.8 ng g(-1) respectively. No significant differences in DDT concentrations were found between the soils from wastewater treated irrigated areas and other areas, suggesting that wastewater irrigation is not an important source of DDT in the area. However, the spatial distribution of soil DDTs levels in the area did correlate well with early direct application rates of pesticides. In addition, both pH level and organic carbon content are also known factors affecting the level of DDT and its metabolites. Although it was assumed that the use of these chemicals was banned in the early 1980s, the current concentration levels appear to be too high to be mere residuals after 20 years degradation.     

大直径变截面钢管复合桩竖向承载性能研究∗

为了研究大直径变截面钢管复合桩竖向承载性能,选取鱼山大桥37#桩开展了自平衡试桩试验,并利用数值模拟软件ABAQUS对实际工况进行模拟,在验证了数值模型正确性的基础上对模型施加桩顶竖向荷载,分析了其桩身轴力与钢管应力传递规律,并通过改变变截面位置参数建立不同工况模型,分析了变截面位置对桩基竖向承载性能的影响。研究结果表明:自平衡试桩试验Q-s曲线没有突变较为平缓,经计算该桩单桩承载力为120 056kN,为单桩设计桩顶最大竖向荷载38 212 kN的3.14倍,桩基足够安全;数值模拟结果与实测较为吻合,数值模拟方法以及参数选取得当;变截面位置以上桩身轴力减小较缓,变截面处桩身轴力存在突变,变截面以下桩身轴力减小较快,桩端有端阻力存在,钢管处于弹性变形阶段并未屈服;变截面位置以上桩段越长桩基抵抗竖向变形能力越强,但生产实际中应考虑材料用量以达到最优。     

Occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in wastewater and the recipient river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China

The occurrence and behavior of β-blockers, antiepileptic drug carbamazepine and its metabolites, X-ray contrast agent iopromide, natural and synthetic hormones, and several groups of hormone-like personal care products (PCPs), including antiseptics (triclocarban, triclosan, and 2-phenylphenol), parabens and bisphenol A, were investigated in municipal wastewater, sewage sludge, and urban river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China. The pharmaceuticals, natural hormones and PCPs were ubiquitously detected in the raw wastewater from a sewage treatment plant (STP). Only triclocarban and triclosan were detected at significant amounts in the dewatered sludge. Iopromide and the PCPs were greatly removed/transformed from the aqueous phase of the wastewater. The β-blockers were only moderately removed/transformed. Carbamazepine passed through the STP almost unchanged. Biodegradation was the dominant process for elimination/transformation of the pharmaceuticals, hormones, and most PCPs in the STP. However, sorption also played an important role in the fate of triclocarban with nearly 50% of the mass load entering the STP ended up and persisted in the dewatered sludge. The pharmaceuticals, estrone, and PCPs were also widely detected in the Pearl River at Guangzhou. Bisphenol A had the highest concentration. The pharmaceutical concentrations in the Pearl River were higher in March than in May, most likely due to less dilution by lower precipitation. The omnipresence and high levels of the pharmaceuticals and PCPs in the Pearl River may be associated with direct discharge of untreated wastewater and pose potential risks to the ecological system.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(III) sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono-and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate (FS) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)₂. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water (<10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As (0.9 μg/L-0.487 mg/L) than the US EPA regulatory limit (5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

河口与近海营养状况评价方法及其应用验证

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,建立了我国河口与近海营养状况评价法. 通过分析当前富营养化概念模型研究结果,引入A(人为影响指数)和表征过滤与调节作用的ΔSA/SA(层化系数)作为压力指标,从富营养化负面效应筛选出高效的表层ρ(Chla)、d(浮游植物细胞密度)、底层ρ(DO)、a(底栖生物个体丰度)和RT(赤潮指数)作为状态指标,并以v(未来营养盐通量年均变化)作为响应指标. 综合考虑国内外相关标准来界定评价指标分类标准,采用统计处理、矩阵法集成得到G(营养状况等级),并成功应用于九龙江河口区. 应用验证结果表明:2010年九龙江河口区G为“差”,北部采样点优于南部,与人为环境压力空间分布一致;Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数检验显示,G为“中”和“差”的两类采样点之间的ρ(COD)、ρ(DIN)、ρ(TN)、ρ(DSi)、ρ(SPM)(其中DSi和SPM分别为溶解态硅酸盐、悬浮颗粒物)差异显著(p<0.05),ρ(TP)、ρ(DIP)因“磷缓冲”机制而趋于均匀分布(p>0.05),评价结果可识别出评价体系并未包含的主要环境因子状况;与第一阶段评价法相比,河口与近海营养状况评价法注重富营养化症状的评价,因此具有更易识别营养状况恶化与否的优势.      

生境过滤驱动庞泉沟华北落叶松林土壤真菌群落的构建过程

随机过程和确定过程的权衡作用对群落构建的影响机制是群落生态学研究的中心议题,也是目前群落生态学最具争议的问题.本研究以关帝山庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松林土壤真菌群落为研究对象,探讨确定过程和随机过程的权衡作用在局域尺度对土壤真菌群落构建的影响机制.通过土壤理化因子和优势真菌门的相关分析、冗余分析以及结构方程模型分析,表明土壤理化因子和地上植被多样性对真菌群落结构有显著影响,并且林下植被多样性对真菌群落结构的直接影响最大(1.185 8).由此推断确定过程对真菌群落的构建有一定的影响.真菌群落的β多样性表现为距离衰减的生物地理分布格局,由此推断随机过程(扩散限制)对真菌群落的构建有一定的影响作用.通过构建零模型分析,表明确定过程对真菌群落演替的贡献远大于随机过程,是本研究区真菌群落构建的主要驱动因子.并且确定过程的相对重要性随着海拔梯度而动态变化.由于零偏差值在本研究区都为负值,观测值的相似性小于期望值的相似性,由此推断生境过滤是群落构建的驱动因子.综上,确定过程和随机过程的权衡作用驱动了本研究区真菌群落的构建过程,且确定过程起主导作用.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(Ⅲ)sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic(As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono- and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate(FS) and polyferric sulfate(PFS)performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)_2. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water( 10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As(0.9 μg/L–0.487 mg/L)than the US EPA regulatory limit(5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

探究水质环境监测技术和仪器的发展

文章对近些年来的简易现场水质检测、水质自动监测等水质环境监测技术和仪器发展以及中间存在的问题作出了初步的分析,对国际上以及国内的一些水质环境监测技术的经验和成果进行了总结,对未来此技术的发展方向和重点指明了方向。