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101.
Borglin SE Hazen TC Oldenburg CM Zawislanski PT 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(7):815-822
To increase the operating lifetime of landfills and to lower leachate treatment costs, an increasing number of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are being managed as either aerobic or anaerobic bioreactors. Landfill gas composition, respiration rates, and subsidence were measured for 400 days in 200-L tanks filled with fresh waste materials to compare the relative effectiveness of the two treatments. Tanks were prepared to provide the following conditions: (1) air injection and leachate recirculation (aerobic), (2) leachate recirculation (anaerobic), and (3) no treatment (anaerobic). Respiration tests on the aerobic wet tank showed a steady decrease in oxygen consumption rates from 1.3 mol/day at 20 days to 0.1 mol/day at 400 days. Aerobic wet tanks produced, on average, 6 mol of carbon dioxide (CO2)/kg of MSW as compared with anaerobic wet tanks, which produced 2.2 mol methane/kg of MSW and 2.0 mol CO2/kg methane. Over the test period, the aerobic tanks settled on average 35%, anaerobic tanks settled 21.7%, and the no-treatment tank settled 7.5%, equivalent to overall mass loss in the corresponding reactors. Aerobic tanks reduced stabilization time and produced negligible odor compared with anaerobic tanks, possibly because of the 2 orders of magnitude lower leachate ammonia levels in the aerobic tank. Both treatment regimes provide the opportunity for disposal and remediation of liquid waste. 相似文献
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103.
This paper presents some guidelines for risk assessment inwetlands. Ecosystem analysis, i.e., understanding how wetlandsfunction on the landscape, should be at the heart of theprocess. Another key point is to identify human values thatderive from these wetland functions. Knowing the relationshipbetween functions and values will greatly improve the problemidentification phase and aid in the selection of appropriatetest methods and evaluation endpoints. The result will be moreaccurate risk identification and more effective riskmanagement. Risk characterization in wetlands should involve atwo-step process: (1) utilize a wholistic, ecosystem approachto develop a detailed understanding of how the systemfunctions, and (2) overlay this knowledge base with threetiers of testing, as appropriate; exposure assessment,biological assessment, and ecological assessment. Although thismethodology may seem too complex for routine application,integrating ecosystem analysis may actually reduce the overalltime and cost by identifying key biological, chemical, andphysical parameters that must be evaluated early on in theassessment process. 相似文献
104.
Curtis C. J. Barbieri A. Camarero L. Gabathuler M. Galas J. Hanselmann K. Kopaček J. Mosello R. Nickus U. Rose N. Stuchlik E. Thies H. Ventura M. Wright R. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(2):115-126
Critical load models for acidityprovide a measure of the sensitivity of surfacewaters to acid deposition, and can be used todetermine critical load exceedance and potentiallong-term harmful effects. Three static models,the Steady-State Water Chemistry model, diatommodel and First-order Acidity Balance model, arehere applied to 11 high mountain lakes in Norway,Scotland, the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Tatras.Between five and seven of the lakes show criticalload exceedance, depending on the model used.Nitrogen as well as sulphur deposition isimportant in causing exceedance. Since soil andvegetation cover are generally sparse, geologyand lake retention time appear to be key factorsin the determination of critical load. Retentionof nitrogen is observed, but it is unclearwhether this occurs within the lake or theterrestrial part of the catchment. 相似文献
105.
Hongjian Lin Xiao Wu Curtis Miller Lara jane Hadlocon Roderick Manuzon 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):439-448
The anaerobic activities in swine slurry storage and treatment generate biogas containing gaseous ammonia component which is a chemical agent that can cause adverse environmental impacts when released to the atmosphere. The aim of this pilot plant study was to remove ammonia from biogas generated in a covered lagoon, using a sulfuric acid wet scrubber. The data showed that, on average, the biogas contained 43.7 ppm of ammonia and its concentration was found to be exponentially related to the air temperature inside the lagoon. When the air temperature rose to 35°C and the biogas ammonia concentration reached 90 ppm, the mass transfer of ammonia/ammonium from the deeper liquid body to the interface between the air and liquid became a limiting factor. The biogas velocity was critical in affecting ammonia removal efficiency of the wet scrubber. A biogas flow velocity of 8 to 12 mm s?1 was recommended to achieve a removal efficiency of greater than 60%. Stepwise regression revealed that the biogas velocity and air temperature, not the inlet ammonia concentration in biogas, affected the ammonia removal efficiency. Overall, when 73 g L?1 (or 0.75 M) sulfuric acid solution was used as the scrubber solution, removal efficiencies varied from 0% to 100% with an average of 55% over a 40‐d measurement period. Mass balance calculation based on ammonium–nitrogen concentration in final scrubber liquid showed that about 21.3 g of ammonia was collected from a total volume of 1169 m3 of biogas, while the scrubber solution should still maintain its ammonia absorbing ability until its concentration reaches up to 1 M. These results showed promising use of sulfuric acid wet scrubber for ammonia removal in the digester biogas. 相似文献
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108.
Daniel Laven Curtis Ventriss Robert Manning Nora Mitchell 《Environmental management》2010,46(2):195-212
Like many governmental actors in recent decades, the U.S. National Park Service (NPS) has operated increasingly through partnerships
with other state and federal agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, and private sector corporations.
Perhaps the most salient example of this trend toward partnerships is the rapid growth and development of national heritage
areas (NHAs). Since the first NHA received congressional designation in 1984, NHAs have become an increasingly popular strategy
for protecting and managing landscapes. To date, congressional designation has been granted to 49 NHAs, making them one of
the fastest growing initiatives involving the NPS. Despite this growth, no prior research has examined the efficacy or effectiveness
of the NHA model. This article introduces the NHA concept, while reviewing the literature on evaluation research and its application
to protected area management. We then offer an NHA program theory model for evaluating NHAs. The model was developed using
a theory-based, process evaluation approach, along with 90 qualitative interviews conducted at three study sites: Blackstone
River Valley National Heritage Corridor, MA-RI (BLAC); Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor, PA (DELE); and Cane
River National Heritage Area, LA (CANE). We conclude by discussing the key challenges and implications associated with developing
a long-term research agenda for evaluating NHAs. 相似文献
109.
Much has been written about social norms in disciplines such as law and economics but they are less studied in the field of Natural Resource Management (NRM). Although norms are acknowledged to be an influence on decision–making, they are difficult to identify and measure in the field and their role is often implicit or not well understood or articulated. This paper addresses an important knowledge gap by combining social norms theory with the specifics of a particular case study. We examined the influence of social norms on landholder behaviour in a small rural community undergoing demographic change in Australia. Findings from interviews with landholders and government agency personnel indicate that established norms within the farming community are influencing incoming landholders; and that new norms and practices have also emerged as a result of government investment through the local Landcare group. We suggest that a better understanding of social norms in different contexts will give rise to strategies that make NRM interventions more effective. 相似文献
110.
A Conceptual Model of Spatially Heterogeneous Nitrogen Leaching from a Welsh Moorland Catchment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
C. D. Evans B. Reynolds C. J. Curtis H. D. Crook D. Norris S. A. Brittain 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(6):97-105
Soil- and stream-water data from the Plynlimon research area, mid-Wales, have been used to develop a conceptual model of spatial variations in nitrogen (N) leaching within moorland catchments. Extensive peats, in both hilltop and valley locations, are considered near-complete sinks for inorganic N, but leach the most dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Peaty mineral soils on hillslopes also retain inorganic N within upper organic horizons, but a proportion percolates into mineral horizons as nitrate (NO
3
–
), either through incomplete immobilisation in the organic layer, or in water bypassing the organic soil matrix via macropores. This NO
3
–
reaches the stream where mineral soilwaters discharge (via matrix throughflow or pipeflow) directly to the drainage network, or via small N-enriched flush wetlands. NO
3
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in hillslope waters discharging into larger valley wetlands will be removed before reaching the stream. A concept of catchment nitrate leaching zones is proposed, whereby most stream NO
3
–
derives from localised areas of mineral soil hillslope draining directly to the stream; the extent of these zones within a catchment may thus determine its overall susceptibility to elevated surface water NO
3
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concentrations. 相似文献