转轨(诗)

我怀念，过去的安全：企业一行业一行政，三驾马车通畅运行；车间一班组一个人，循规蹈矩没渭分明；胶鞋一护革一小鸟；劳动保护上古警钟就这样，生产却也安全，人马还算安宁而如今，经济“软着陆”，’‘伴以效”变“集约”，安全形势，倒令人信懂！Z“高峰期”已两次，——虽算做规律，可恶性事故，时而耸人闻听。如果说，计划经济年代，事故集中在——楼上路上矿上机台上；现在，它已向工业之外散射、飞迸！莫非市场经济“孕育”灾祸？难道现代企业就是事故频仍？面对现实苦思瞑想，奥秘窥探个中。新机制建立，总有鱼龙混杂，原始积累手…     

隐藏炸药探测技术

中列出了三种炸药检测方法和八种常用检测技术，比较了三种现有便携式炸药检测仪的主要功能。指出了自主开发适应我国需求的便携式炸药检测仪的必要性，并提出了相应的技术途径。     

中原石油：探索人才国际化道路

自20世纪90年代初，中原石油勘探局开始进入国际石油工程技术服务市场，十几年以来，取得了显著的成绩。到今年4月该局共有49支专业化施工队伍、近600名职工在苏丹、沙特阿拉伯、也门、阿联酋、印度尼西亚、厄瓜多尔、伊拉克等9个国家从事石油工程技术、海外油气资源开发、带资工程服务项目等服务，年创产值达6亿多元。在大力实施“走出去”战略中，该局牢固树立人才资源是第一资源的观念，     

Cadmium solubility and sorption in a long-term sludge-amended arable soil

Cadmium solubility and sorption in an arable clay loam soil that had received sewage sludge for 41 years were compared to an unsludged control in batch studies. Soil pH dominated Cd sorption, explaining >92% of the variation in Kd values in both treatments. At any pH, Cd sorption was apparently slightly but significantly (p < 0.05) smaller in the sludge-amended soil compared to the control, even though the organic carbon content was 70% larger and the ammonium oxalate-extractable iron content was roughly doubled. Correction for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) complexation with the speciation model WHAM reduced the difference in sorption between treatments, but the sludged soil still had significantly smaller Kd values (p < 0.01). Batch equilibrations without addition of Cd showed that there was no significant difference in the solubility of "native" cadmium (defined as EDTA-extractable Cd) in sludged and control soils. The reason for the lack of increase in Cd sorption in the sludge-amended soil has not been established, but it may be due to competition for sorption sites on humic compounds with sludge-derived Fe and trace metals such as zinc. The fact that the pyrophosphate-extractable (i.e., organically associated) iron content was seven times larger in the sludged soil provides some supporting evidence for this hypothesis.     

The acetochlor registration partnership surface water monitoring program for four corn herbicides

A surface drinking water monitoring program for four corn (Zea mays L.) herbicides was conducted during 1995-2001. Stratified random sampling was used to select 175 community water systems (CWSs) within a 12-state area, with an emphasis on the most vulnerable sites, based on corn intensity and watershed size. Finished drinking water was monitored at all sites, and raw water was monitored at many sites using activated carbon, which was shown capable of removing herbicides and their degradates from drinking water. Samples were collected biweekly from mid-March through the end of August, and twice during the off-season. The analytical method had a detection limit of 0.05 microg L(-1) for alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetamide] and 0.03 microg L(-1) for acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide], atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide]. Of the 16528 drinking water samples analyzed, acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor were detected in 19, 7, 87, and 53% of the samples, respectively. During 1999-2001, samples were also analyzed for the presence of six major degradates of the chloroacetanilide herbicides, which were detected more frequently than their parent compounds, despite having higher detection limits of 0.1 to 0.2 microg L(-1). Overall detection frequencies were correlated with product use and environmental fate characteristics. Reservoirs were particularly vulnerable to atrazine, which exceeded its 3 microg L(-1) maximum contaminant level at 25 such sites during 1995-1999. Acetochlor annualized mean concentrations (AMCs) did not exceed its mitigation trigger (2 microg L(-1)) at any site, and comparisons of observed levels with standard measures of human and ecological hazards indicate that it poses no significant risk to human health or the environment.     

Formalising expert opinion through multi-attribute value functions: an application in landscape ecology

One of the main objectives of landscape ecology is to orient land-use planning by providing indications of optimal ecosystem patterning to support nature conservation. A frequent limitation to the practical use of the findings of landscape ecological studies is that they tend to focus on the identification and computation of indicators rather than on their interpretation and assessment. This paper presents and discusses the use of a methodology to formalise expert opinion through the elicitation of multi-attribute value functions. In particular, the value functions aim at assessing spatial indicators so as to provide an overall judgment of the viability of different ecosystem patches. The result consisted of the ranking of the ecosystems according to their degree of viability and therefore their suitability for nature conservation. The method of formalising expert opinion and knowledge complements traditional analyses based on the measurement of spatial ecological indicators.     

Biological treatment of clogged emitters in a drip irrigation system

This study was conducted to investigate microbial organisms that can be used for preventing clogging in drip irrigation systems caused by biological factors. A total of 25 fungi isolate and 121 bacterial strains were isolated from water samples collected from drip irrigation systems in tomato greenhouses in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in the spring season of 2001. Biological clogging of emitters in a model drip irrigation system was experimentally caused by application of the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) isolated in the study. Three antagonistic bacterial strains in the genus Bacillus spp (ERZ, OSU-142) and Burkholdria spp (OSU-7) were used for treatment of biological clogging of the emitters. The results showed that the antagonistic bacterial strains tested have the potential to be used as anti-clogging agents for treatment of emitters in drip irrigation system. This is the first study that demonstrated that antagonistic microorganisms can be utilized for treatment of clogging in drip irrigation systems.     

Science in the public process of ecosystem management: lessons from Hawaii, Southeast Asia, Africa and the US Mainland

Partnerships and co-operative environmental management are increasing worldwide as is the call for scientific input in the public process of ecosystem management. In Hawaii, private landowners, non-governmental organizations, and state and federal agencies have formed watershed partnerships to conserve and better manage upland forested watersheds. In this paper, findings of an international workshop convened in Hawaii to explore the strengths of approaches used to assess stakeholder values of environmental resources and foster consensus in the public process of ecosystem management are presented. Authors draw upon field experience in projects throughout Hawaii, Southeast Asia, Africa and the US mainland to derive a set of lessons learned that can be applied to Hawaiian and other watershed partnerships in an effort to promote consensus and sustainable ecosystem management. Interdisciplinary science-based models can serve as effective tools to identify areas of potential consensus in the process of ecosystem management. Effective integration of scientific input in co-operative ecosystem management depends on the role of science, the stakeholders and decision-makers involved, and the common language utilized to compare tradeoffs. Trust is essential to consensus building and the integration of scientific input must be transparent and inclusive of public feedback. Consideration of all relevant stakeholders and the actual benefits and costs of management activities to each stakeholder is essential. Perceptions and intuitive responses of people can be as influential as analytical processes in decision-making and must be addressed. Deliberative, dynamic and iterative decision-making processes all influence the level of stakeholder achievement of consensus. In Hawaii, application of lessons learned can promote more informed and democratic decision processes, quality scientific analysis that is relevant, and legitimacy and public acceptance of ecosystem management.     

CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: An updated review

The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20th century. An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming. The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs. These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better.     

氟虫双酰胺在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定了氟虫双酰胺19.8%悬浮剂(SC)在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态.结果表明,当氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物NNI-des-iodo的添加量为0.05～1.0 mg·kg-1时,其在水稻田土壤、田水、稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的平均回收率为78.2%～104.8%,变异系数为1.1%～4.4%.氟虫双酰胺在2011年三地(福建福州、天津、江苏南京)的稻田水中的降解半衰期为9.8～17.3 d,土壤中10.8～22.4 d,植株中7.6～17.3 d,其在稻田水样品中检出了代谢产物NNI-des-iodo,而在土壤和植株样品中未检出.在推荐使用剂量下,于末次施药10 d后,氟虫双酰胺在水稻稻米中的残留量均低于美国规定的在稻谷上的最大残留允许量(0.5 mg·kg-1).