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451.
Gerzabek MH Barceló D Bellin A Rijnaarts HH Slob A Darmendrail D Fowler HJ Négrel P Frank E Grathwohl P Kuntz D Barth JA 《Journal of environmental management》2007,84(2):237-243
The integrated project "AquaTerra" with the full title "integrated modeling of the river-sediment-soil-groundwater system; advanced tools for the management of catchment areas and river basins in the context of global change" is among the first environmental projects within the sixth Framework Program of the European Union. Commencing in June 2004, it brought together a multidisciplinary team of 45 partner organizations from 12 EU countries, Romania, Switzerland, Serbia and Montenegro. AquaTerra is an ambitious project with the primary objective of laying the foundations for a better understanding of the behavior of environmental pollutants and their fluxes in the soil-sediment-water system with respect to climate and land use changes. The project performs research as well as modeling on river-sediment-soil-groundwater systems through quantification of deposition, sorption and turnover rates and the development of numerical models to reveal fluxes and trends in soil and sediment functioning. Scales ranging from the laboratory to river basins are addressed with the potential to provide improved river basin management, enhanced soil and groundwater monitoring as well as the early identification and forecasting of impacts on water quantity and quality. Study areas are the catchments of the Ebro, Meuse, Elbe and Danube Rivers and the Brévilles Spring. Here we outline the general structure of the project and the activities conducted within eleven existing sub-projects of AquaTerra. 相似文献
452.
Faced with society's increasing expectations, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) review considers environmental management to be an ever more critical criterion in the allocation of farm subsidies. With the goal of evaluating the environmental friendliness of farm practices, France's agricultural research and extension services have built a range of agricultural/environmental diagnostic tools over recent years. The objective of the present paper is to compare the five tools most frequently used in France: IDEA, DIAGE, DIALECTE, DIALOGUE and INDIGO. All the tools have the same purpose: evaluation of the impact of farm practices on the environment via indicators and monitoring of farm management practices. When tested on a sample of large-scale farms in Picardie, the five tools sometimes produced completely different results: for a given farm, the most supposedly significant environmental impacts depend on the tool used. These results lead to differing environmental management plans and raise the question of the methods' pertinence. An analysis grid of diagnostic tools aimed at specifying their field of validity, limits and relevance was drawn up. The resulting comparative analysis enables to define each tool's domain of validity and allows to suggest lines of thought for developing more relevant tools for (i) evaluating a farm's environmental performance and (ii) helping farmers to develop a plan for improving practices within the framework of an environmental management system. 相似文献
453.
Co-management has gained prominence due to the sustained interest in participatory forms of natural resource management. While theoretical development posed an initial challenge, it has become an integral part of the co-management literature. This paper comprehensively explores co-management theory. It begins with an investigation of theory itself. The major elements of theory (concepts, variables and relational propositions) are described and a typology of theoretical statements (formats) is conceptualized. Co-management theory is subsequently charted according to the four schemes (modelling, propositional, analytical and meta-theoretical) which make up the typology. Given the maturing nature of the co-management literature and the absence of any meta-theoretical schemes, we examine the central and underlying assumption of co-operation through the science of sociobiology. Reciprocal altruism is pursued to explain why non-kin co-operate, and is adapted to elucidate the potentials and pitfalls of co-management. This meta-theory enriches understanding of co-management, provides guidance to the other theoretical schemes, and offers a foundational basis upon which construction of subtle predications is possible. 相似文献
454.
Assessment of Eutrophication in Estuaries: Pressure–State–Response and Nitrogen Source Apportionment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Whitall D Bricker S Ferreira J Nobre AM Simas T Silva M 《Environmental management》2007,40(4):678-690
A eutrophication assessment method was developed as part of the National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment (NEEA) Program.
The program is designed to improve monitoring and assessment of eutrophication in the estuaries and coastal bays of the United
States with the intent to guide management plans and develop analytical and research models and tools for managers. These
tools will help guide and improve management success for estuaries and coastal resources. The assessment method, a Pressure-State-Response
approach, uses a simple model to determine Pressure and statistical criteria for indicator variables (where applicable) to
determine State. The Response determination is mostly heuristic, although research models are being developed to improve that
component. The three components are determined individually and then combined into a single rating. Application to several
systems in the European Union (E.U.), specifically in Portugal, shows that the method is transferable, and thus is useful
for development of management measures in both the Unites States and E.U. This approach identifies and quantifies the key
anthropogenic nutrient input sources to estuaries so that management measures can target inputs for maximum effect. Because
nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient in estuarine systems, examples of source identification and quantification for nitrogen
have been developed for 11 coastal watersheds on the U.S. east coast using the WATERSN model. In general, estuaries in the
Northeastern United States receive most of their nitrogen from human sewage, followed by atmospheric deposition. This is in
contrast to some watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic (Chesapeake Bay) and South Atlantic (Pamlico Sound), which receive most of
their nitrogen from agricultural runoff. Source identification is important for implementing effective management measures
that should be monitored for success using assessment methods, as described herein. For instance, these results suggest that
Northeastern estuaries would likely benefit most from improved sewage treatment, where as the Mid and South Atlantic systems
would benefit most from agricultural runoff reductions. 相似文献
455.
Analysis tools that combine large spatial and temporal scales are necessary for efficient management of wildlife species,
such as the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). We assessed the ability of Ripley’s K-function analysis integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to determine changes in burrowing owl nest clustering
over two years at NASA Ames Research Center. Specifically, we used these tools to detect changes in spatial and temporal nest
clustering before, during, and after conducting management by mowing to maintain low vegetation height at nest burrows. We
found that the scale and timing of owl nest clustering matched the scale and timing of our conservation management actions
over a short time frame. While this study could not determine a causal link between mowing and nest clustering, we did find
that Ripley’s K and GIS were effective in detecting owl nest clustering and show promise for future conservation uses. 相似文献
456.
Assessment of the Water Quality and Ecosystem Health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual Models 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Haynes D Brodie J Waterhouse J Bainbridge Z Bass D Hart B 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):993-1003
Run-off containing increased concentrations of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from land-based anthropogenic activities
is a significant influence on water quality and the ecologic conditions of nearshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World
Heritage Area, Australia. The potential and actual impacts of increased pollutant concentrations range from bioaccumulation
of contaminants and decreased photosynthetic capacity to major shifts in community structure and health of mangrove, coral
reef, and seagrass ecosystems. A detailed conceptual model underpins and illustrates the links between the main anthropogenic
pressures or threats (dry-land cattle grazing and intensive sugar cane cropping) and the production of key contaminants or
stressors of Great Barrier Reef water quality. The conceptual model also includes longer-term threats to Great Barrier Reef
water quality and ecosystem health, such as global climate change, that will potentially confound direct model interrelationships.
The model recognises that system-specific attributes, such as monsoonal wind direction, rainfall intensity, and flood plume
residence times, will act as system filters to modify the effects of any water-quality system stressor. The model also summarises
key ecosystem responses in ecosystem health that can be monitored through indicators at catchment, riverine, and marine scales.
Selected indicators include riverine and marine water quality, inshore coral reef and seagrass status, and biota pollutant
burdens. These indicators have been adopted as components of a long-term monitoring program to enable assessment of the effectiveness
of change in catchment-management practices in improving Great Barrier Reef (and adjacent catchment) water quality under the
Queensland and Australian Governments’ Reef Water Quality Protection Plan. 相似文献
457.
Lavee D 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):926-943
It has traditionally been argued that recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) is usually not economically viable and that only
when externalities, long-term dynamic considerations, and/or the entire product life cycle are taken into account, recycling
becomes worthwhile from a social point of view. This article explores the results of a wide study conducted in Israel in the
years 2000–2004. Our results reveal that recycling is optimal more often than usually claimed, even when externality considerations
are ignored.
The study is unique in the tools it uses to explore the efficiency of recycling: a computer-based simulation applied to an
extensive database. We developed a simulation for assessing the costs of handling and treating MSW under different waste-management
systems and used this simulation to explore possible cost reductions obtained by designating some of the waste (otherwise
sent to landfill) to recycling. We ran the simulation on data from 79 municipalities in Israel that produce over 60% of MSW
in Israel. For each municipality, we were able to arrive at an optimal method of waste management and compare the costs associated
with 100% landfilling to the costs born by the municipality when some of the waste is recycled. Our results indicate that
for 51% of the municipalities, it would be efficient to adopt recycling, even without accounting for externality costs. We
found that by adopting recycling, municipalities would be able to reduce direct costs by an average of 11%.
Through interviews conducted with representatives of municipalities, we were also able to identify obstacles to the utilization
of recycling, answering in part the question of why actual recycling levels in Israel are lower than our model predicts they
should be. 相似文献
458.
Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Theobald DM Stevens DL White D Urquhart NS Olsen AR Norman JB 《Environmental management》2007,40(1):134-146
Sampling of a population is frequently required to understand trends and patterns in natural resource management because financial
and time constraints preclude a complete census. A rigorous probability-based survey design specifies where to sample so that
inferences from the sample apply to the entire population. Probability survey designs should be used in natural resource and
environmental management situations because they provide the mathematical foundation for statistical inference. Development
of long-term monitoring designs demand survey designs that achieve statistical rigor and are efficient but remain flexible
to inevitable logistical or practical constraints during field data collection. Here we describe an approach to probability-based
survey design, called the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster, based on the concept of spatially balanced sampling
and implemented in a geographic information system. This provides environmental managers a practical tool to generate flexible
and efficient survey designs for natural resource applications. Factors commonly used to modify sampling intensity, such as
categories, gradients, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sample design. 相似文献
459.
了解医院护理人员针刺及其他锐器损伤流行现状,为进一步开展干预研究提供线索,并为干预措施效果评价提供基线数据.采用自填式调查问卷对某大型综合医院787名临床一线护理人员在2009年1月1日至2009年12月31日期间所发生的针刺及其他锐器损伤状况进行回顾性调查.护理人员在过去一年中发生针刺及其他锐器损伤共3258人次,针刺及其他锐器损伤年人均发生次数为4.14人次/人,接触发生率(%,人/100人)为88.31.发生针刺及其他锐器损伤的高风险人群为妇产科、重症监护室、外科、急诊科护理人员,其接触发生率(%,人/100人)和年人均发生次数(人次/人)分别为95.56和5.04、95.18和3.64、92.95和4.37、84.13和5.32;引起护理人员针刺及其他锐器损伤的主要医疗操作是掰安瓿、输液结束拔针、整理用毕的锐器、静脉穿刺(采血、加药、输液)和回套针帽,其接触发生率(%,人/100人)分别为67.85、46.89、37.99、14.61和9.28.护理人员针刺及其他锐器损伤主要是由安瓿瓶、头皮针、皮下注射针、缝合针和手术刀片,其损伤接触发生率(%,人/100人)分别为67.98、56.42、37.74、6.73和2.92.护理人员仍然面临较大的针刺及其他锐器损伤风险,不同科室护理人员在不同医疗操作及医疗操作的不同阶段、使用不同医疗锐器、使用锐器的用途不同发生针刺及其他锐器损伤的风险不同,应积极采取有针对性的综合性预防控制措施,全面贯彻落实《血源性病原体职业接触防护导则》(GBZ/T 213-2008). 相似文献
460.
<正> 本文的目的是讨论西尔里矿床的岩石学、构造地质学和岩石的化学蚀变及其与Cu-Ni矿化的关系。西尔里矿床位于安大略桑德贝西北450km。钻探已圈出一千四百万吨矿石,含铜1.60%。西尔里矿床产于镁铁-超镁铁岩及其剪切带中。 相似文献