2015~2020年海南省臭氧时空变化及其成因分析

基于2015～2020年海南省32个大气环境监测站监测数据,以及同期的常规气象观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解方法（EOF）、气候倾向率和趋势系数分析等方法,探讨了海南省O₃-8h（最大8 h平均）时空分布特征,及其与前体物和气象因子的关系.结果表明,海南省ρ（O₃-8h）呈北部和西部偏高,中部、东部和南部偏低的分布特征,最高值出现在东方市(91.5μg·m^-3). 2015～2020年共有12个市县ρ（O₃-8h）呈下降趋势,其中有6个市县达到了95%的信度检验.ρ（O₃-8h）季节变化特征明显,秋季最高,春季和冬季次之,夏季最低.秋季ρ（O₃-8h）表现为上升趋势,而其余三季为下降趋势. EOF分解的前两个特征向量场的累积方差为72.58%,能够较好地描述ρ（O₃-8h）的主要分布特征.第一模态体现了ρ（O₃-8h）变化的一致性,第二模态体现了地区性差异.ρ（O₃-8h）的变化与前体物和气...     

县域土地资源可持续利用研究——江苏启东市的实证分析

启东市土地资源具有后备资源丰富,开发复垦潜力大,土地利用率较高、土地利用经济效果区域差异较大,农村居民点布局分散、土地整理潜力较大的特点,但随着进一步的开发利用,启东市土地资源将发现出以下若干非持续性的特征：人口不断增加,人均耕地逐年减少,土地污染严重,耕地质量进一步下降;土地利用区域差异较大,发展不平衡;土地养用矛盾突出,滩涂围垦难度加大等。在上述分析的基础之上,提出了启东市土地资源可持续利用的战略目标,然后提出了启东市土地资源可持续利用的对策与措施,包括科学编制规划,建立土地利用规划实施体系;加强非农用地管理,建立严格的农地保护制度;充分利用丰富的水面资源,加强滩涂开发;优化土地利用结构。调整用地布局;激励农民对耕地的投入,制定多种“用”“养”结合的措施。     

近10年海南岛大气NO2的时空变化及污染物来源解析

利用OMI卫星反演的NO2柱浓度数据,分析了近10年海南岛对流层NO2柱浓度(Tro NO2)和总NO2柱浓度(Tot NO2)的时空变化,同时结合地面风向、SO2排放资料,以及HYSPLIT模式等探究其大气污染物来源.结果表明,海南岛地区大气NO2呈北半部高于南半部、中部山区低于四周沿海的分布特征,其季节变化表现为冬季高、夏季低的特点,其中夏季浓度偏低和雨水的冲刷作用有关,而冬季浓度偏高与珠江三角洲地区的外源输送作用有密切联系.近10年海南岛大气NO2冬夏季有相反的变化趋势,冬季逐年下降,夏季则有弱的上升趋势.其原因可能是夏季大气污染物以本地排放为主,冬季外源输送起主要贡献作用.海口市Tro NO2与珠江三角洲地区的有利风向日数相关系数为0.84,通过了99%的信度检验.后向轨迹分析表明,2013年12月影响海口市的3条气流移动路径,均不同程度的经过珠江三角洲地区,进一步表明海南岛冬季大气污染物主要以珠江三角洲地区的外源输送为主.     

北京大气气溶胶中有机碳及可萃取有机卤素污染物

研究了2002年5月～2003年4月北京城区大气中PM2.5和PM10中有机碳(OC)及可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)的浓度.结果表明,PM10和PM2.5的年均值分别为172.8μg/m3和110.9μg/m3,分别是美国年均值标准(PM10, 50μg/m3; PM2.5, 15μg/m3)的3.5倍和7.4倍,说明污染相当严重;PM2.5与PM10中OC的月均浓度分别为9.1～33.9μg/m3和13.1～46.2μg/m3,冬季大气中OC的浓度最高,夏季最低; PM2.5中OC和EOX的百分含量高于PM10,细粒子更易于富集有机污染物; PM2.5和PM10中EOX的含量顺序为EOCl>> EOBr(EOI),约有73%～88%和69%～91%的EOX为EOCl,大气中的有机卤素污染物主要为有机氯污染物;PM2.5中OC与EOX的含量变化趋势一致,细颗粒物中OC对EOX的含量起到了控制作用,PM10中OC对EOX的含量影响有限.     

Establishing Representative No-Take Areas in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-Scale Implementation of Theory on Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, an area almost the size of Japan, has a new network of no-take areas that significantly improves the protection of biodiversity. The new marine park zoning implements, in a quantitative manner, many of the theoretical design principles discussed in the literature. For example, the new network of no-take areas has at least 20% protection per "bioregion," minimum levels of protection for all known habitats and special or unique features, and minimum sizes for no-take areas of at least 10 or 20 km across at the smallest diameter. Overall, more than 33% of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is now in no-take areas (previously 4.5%). The steps taken leading to this outcome were to clarify to the interested public why the existing level of protection was inadequate; detail the conservation objectives of establishing new no-take areas; work with relevant and independent experts to define, and contribute to, the best scientific process to deliver on the objectives; describe the biodiversity (e.g., map bioregions); define operational principles needed to achieve the objectives; invite community input on all of the above; gather and layer the data gathered in round-table discussions; report the degree of achievement of principles for various options of no-take areas; and determine how to address negative impacts. Some of the key success factors in this case have global relevance and include focusing initial communication on the problem to be addressed; applying the precautionary principle; using independent experts; facilitating input to decision making; conducting extensive and participatory consultation; having an existing marine park that encompassed much of the ecosystem; having legislative power under federal law; developing high-level support; ensuring agency priority and ownership; and being able to address the issue of displaced fishers.     

The Conservation Relevance of Epidemiological Research into Carnivore Viral Diseases in the Serengeti

Abstract:  Recent outbreaks of rabies and canine distemper in wildlife populations of the Serengeti show that infectious disease constitutes a significant cause of mortality that can result in regional extirpation of endangered species even within large, well-protected areas. Nevertheless, effective management of an infectious disease depends critically on understanding the epidemiological dynamics of the causative pathogen. Pathogens with short infection cycles cannot persist in small populations in the absence of a more permanent reservoir of infection. Development of appropriate interventions requires detailed data on transmission pathways between reservoirs and wildlife populations of conservation concern. Relevant data can be derived from long-term population monitoring, epidemic and case-surveillance patterns, genetic analyses of rapidly evolving pathogens, serological surveys, and intervention studies. We examined studies of carnivore diseases in the Serengeti. Epidemiological research contributes to wildlife conservation policy in terms of management of endangered populations and the integration of wildlife conservation with public health interventions. Long-term, integrative, cross-species research is essential for formulation of effective policy for disease control and optimization of ecosystem health.     

火电行业清洁生产与末端治理技术对二氧化硫减排效果评估

为探明清洁生产技术在我国大气污染物削减中所起的作用,本文以火电行业为例,以SO_2作为特征污染物,对“清洁生产”和“末端治理”技术进行了筛选,建立了削污和减排效果分析模型,并收集火电行业的权威统计数据,计算了火电行业“清洁生产”技术削污量与“末端治理”技术减排量及两类技术各自削减量占比情况,研究了建国以来(1949—2013年)我国火电行业清洁生产技术削污效果和末端治理技术减排效果及其演变规律,并在此基础上提出政策建议.研究结果显示,以火电行业发电效率最低的低温低压发电技术为基准线,1949—2013年65年期间电力行业通过清洁生产技术累计实现SO_2削污量为4.94亿t,节约4940亿元的环保资金投入,削污率达到58.5%;2002—2013年12年期间电力行业末端治理技术累计实现SO_2减排量为1.10亿t,减排率为13.0%.     

基于卫星遥感的海南地区对流层NO2长期变化及成因分析

利用OMI卫星反演的较高分辨率(0.125°×0.125°)对流层NO_2(Tro NO_2)柱浓度数据,分析了近12年海南岛TroNO_2柱浓度的时空变化,同时,结合MODIS卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料、海口市空气质量指数(AQI)、GDP、SO_2排放总量,以及民用汽车保有量等探究其长期变化与成因.结果表明:海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度空间分布表现为北半部高于南半部、四周沿海高于中部山区的特征,其中,北部地区最大值可达20×1014molec·cm~(-2)以上.近12年来海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度表现为上升的变化趋势.季节变化表现为冬季高于夏季,夏季浓度偏低和雨水的冲刷作用有关,而冬季偏高与旅游过冬人口增多和外源输送作用有密切联系.四季TroNO_2柱浓度均有不同程度的上升,而且季节差异在2010年以后有增大的趋势.海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度分布与岛上经济水平和人口分布关系密切,海南地区民用机动车拥有量近10年呈现快速的增加趋势,机动车尾气NO_2排放也不容忽视.     

Interactive Effects of Harvest and Deer Herbivory on the Population Dynamics of American Ginseng

Abstract:  Few demographic models for any species consider the role of multiple, interacting ecological threats. Many forest herbs are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and a number of these are also harvested for the medicinal, floral, or horticultural trades. Previous studies of the viability of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) have separately examined the effects of harvesting and deer herbivory. We followed individually marked ginseng plants in 6 populations for 8 years and documented deer browse levels, conducted helicopter surveys to estimate the deer herd size, and documented 2 ginseng harvests. We used this long-term data set to develop a stochastic demographic model that quantified the separate and interactive role of these threats to ginseng viability. Although harvesting and deer herbivory negatively affected ginseng population growth, their effects were not additive. Deer herbivory negatively affected population growth in the absence but not in the presence of harvesting. Life table response experiments revealed that in the presence of harvesting, deer herbivory had some positive effects on vital rates because browsed plants were less apparent to harvesters. Ginseng populations that were harvested responsibly (i.e., planting seeds from harvested individuals) had higher growth rates than those that were harvested irresponsibly. We concluded that both deer populations and harvesting must be managed to ensure sustainable populations of American ginseng. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring to assess threats to viability and the need for a broad ecological understanding of the complexity of ecosystem management.     

The Capacity of Australia's Protected‐Area System to Represent Threatened Species

Abstract: The acquisition or designation of new protected areas is usually based on criteria for representation of different ecosystems or land‐cover classes, and it is unclear how well‐threatened species are conserved within protected‐area networks. Here, we assessed how Australia's terrestrial protected‐area system (89 million ha, 11.6% of the continent) overlaps with the geographic distributions of threatened species and compared this overlap against a model that randomly placed protected areas across the continent and a spatially efficient model that placed protected areas across the continent to maximize threatened species’ representation within the protected‐area estate. We defined the minimum area needed to conserve each species on the basis of the species’ range size. We found that although the current configuration of protected areas met targets for representation of a given percentage of species’ ranges better than a random selection of areas, 166 (12.6%) threatened species occurred entirely outside protected areas and target levels of protection were met for only 259 (19.6%) species. Critically endangered species were among those with the least protection; 12 (21.1%) species occurred entirely outside protected areas. Reptiles and plants were the most poorly represented taxonomic groups, and amphibians the best represented. Spatial prioritization analyses revealed that an efficient protected‐area system of the same size as the current protected‐area system (11.6% of the area of Australia) could meet representation targets for 1272 (93.3%) threatened species. Moreover, the results of these prioritization analyses showed that by protecting 17.8% of Australia, all threatened species could reach target levels of representation, assuming all current protected areas are retained. Although this amount of area theoretically could be protected, existing land uses and the finite resources available for conservation mean land acquisition may not be possible or even effective for the recovery of threatened species. The optimal use of resources must balance acquisition of new protected areas, where processes that threaten native species are mitigated by the change in ownership or on‐ground management jurisdiction, and management of threatened species inside and outside the existing protected‐area system.