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361.
Kathryn E. Murphy Mark C. Rains Michael G. Kittridge Mark T. Stewart Mark A. Ross 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(4):980-995
Abstract: The objective of this study was to use applied and naturally occurring geochemical tracers to study the hydrology of clay settling areas (CSAs) and the hydrological connectivity between CSAs and surrounding hydrological landscapes. The study site is located on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. The CSA has a well‐developed, subangular‐blocky, clay‐rich surface layer with abundant desiccation cracks and other macropores, and a massive, clay‐rich sublayer that is saturated below ~1.0‐2.5 m. A bromide tracer was applied to study hydrological processes in the upper part of the CSA. Bromide infiltrated rapidly and perched on a massive, clay‐rich sublayer. Bromide concentrations decreased in the upper part of the profile without being transported vertically down through the lower part of the profile suggesting that bromide was lost to lateral rather than to vertical transport. Infiltration and lateral flow were rapid suggesting that preferential flow through desiccation cracks and other macropores likely dominates flow in the upper part of the CSA. Naturally occurring solute and stable isotope tracers were used to study the hydrological connectivity between the CSA and the surrounding hydrological landscape. Three‐end mass‐balance mixing model results indicate that shallow and/or deep CSA water can be found in all downgradient waters and must be as much as ~50% of some downgradient waters. Discharge from the CSA to the surrounding surface water‐bodies and surficial aquifer occurs laterally through the berms and/or vertically through the massive, clay‐rich sublayer. However, the precise flow paths from the CSA to the surrounding hydrological landscape are unclear and the fluxes remain unquantified, so the precise effects of CSAs on the hydrology of the surrounding hydrological landscape also remain unquantified. 相似文献
362.
Coal mining and the resource community cycle: A longitudinal assessment of the social impacts of the Coppabella coal mine 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Two social impact assessment (SIA) studies of Central Queensland's Coppabella coal mine were undertaken in 2002–2003 and 2006–2007. As ex post studies of actual change, these provide a reference point for predictive assessments of proposed resource extraction projects at other sites, while the longitudinal element added by the second study illustrates how impacts associated with one mine may vary over time due to changing economic and social conditions. It was found that the traditional coupling of local economic vitality and community development to the life cycle of resource projects—the resource community cycle—was mediated by labour recruitment and social infrastructure policies that reduced the emphasis on localised employment and investment strategies, and by the cumulative impacts of multiple mining projects within relative proximity to each other. The resource community cycle was accelerated and local communities forced to consider ways of attracting secondary investment and/or alternative industries early in the operational life of the Coppabella mine in order to secure significant economic benefits and to guard against the erosion of social capital and the ability to cope with future downturns in the mining sector. 相似文献
363.
Evelyn G. Reátegui-Zirena Paul M. Stewart Alicia Whatley Fred Chu-Koo Victor E. Sotero-Solis Claudia Merino-Zegarra Elías Vela-Paima 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(4):2171-2184
The oil industry is a major source of contamination in Peru, and wastewater and sediments containing oil include harmful substances that may have acute and chronic effects. This study determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations by GC/MS, mutagenicity using TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains with and without metabolic activation in the Muta-ChromoPlate? test, and Microtox® 5-min EC50 values of Peruvian crude oil, and water and sediment pore water from the vicinity of San José de Saramuro on the Marañón River and Villa Trompeteros on the Corrientes River in Loreto, Peru. The highest total PAH concentration in both areas was found in water (Saramuro?=?210.15 μg/ml, Trompeteros?=?204.66 μg/ml). Total PAH concentrations in water from San José de Saramuro ranged from 9.90 to 210.15 μg/ml (mean?=?66.48 μg/ml), while sediment pore water concentrations ranged from 2.19 to 70.41 μg/ml (mean?=?24.33 μg/ml). All water samples tested from Saramuro and Trompeteros sites, and one out of four sediment pore water samples from Trompeteros, were found to be mutagenic (P?<?0.001). One sediment pore water sample in Saramuro was determined to have a measurable toxicity (Microtox EC50?=?335.1 mg/l), and in Trompeteros, the EC50 in water and sediment pore water ranged from 25.67 to 133.86 mg/l. Peruvian crude oil was mutagenic using the TA98 strain with metabolic activation, and the EC50 was 17.18 mg/l. The two areas sampled had very high PAH concentrations that were most likely associated with oil activities, but did not lead to acute toxic effects. However, since most of the samples were mutagenic, it is thought that there is a greater potential for chronic effects. 相似文献
364.
依据现有指南和规范,在分析方法标准验证实验和报告中,常常分别评估准确度和精密度。这容易导致以加标回收率表示的准确度数据缺乏良好精密度支持的现象。基于ISO 11352原理,首次提出在不增加实验室分析人员工作量的情况下,利用自上而下技术评估方法测量不确定度,即同时考虑准确度与精密度作为一个综合性指标评估方法性能。这是标准制修订时落实测量不确定度条文一条操作性强的技术路线。利用改进后的加标回收率计算结果评估方法准确度。5组方法验证实测数据表明,用测量不确定度这一综合性指标评估方法性能比分别用准确度和精密度指标更符合实际情况。他可引导实验室分析人员在设计和处理方法验证数据时,更加重视方法精密度。在修订HJ 168—2010时,建议增加测量不确定度这一综合性指标评估方法性能。 相似文献
365.
通过监测邢台市2017年11月15日—2018年3月15日采暖期间大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子,得到水溶性离子的污染特征,并结合主成分分析方法讨论不同离子的来源。结果表明,邢台市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要由NO~-_3、SO_4~(2-)、NH~+_4组成,分别占总水溶性离子质量浓度的35.2%、25.7%、20.4%;SNA三元相图表明,NH~+_4、SO_4~(2-)、NO~-_3在PM_(2.5)中占比分别为10.6%~40.2%、20.5%~67.1%、26.4%~56.2%;主成分分析结果表明,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要来源有二次气溶胶、燃煤、交通源、生物质燃烧和土壤尘。 相似文献
366.
Theodora J. Stewart Jacqueline Traber Alexandra Kroll Renata Behra Laura Sigg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):3214-3223
A protocol was developed to extract, fractionate, and quantitatively analyze periphyton extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which obtains both information on the molecular weight (M r) distribution and protein and polysaccharide content. The EPS were extracted from freshwater periphyton between July and December 2011. Organic carbon (OC) compounds from different EPS extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection–organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND), and total protein and polysaccharide content were quantified. Four distinct OC fractions, on the basis of M r, were identified in all extracts, corresponding to high M r biopolymers (≥80–4 kDa), degradation products of humic substances (M r not available), low M r acids (10–0.7 kDa), and small amphiphilic/neutral compounds (3–0.5 kDa). Low C/N ratios (4.3?±?0.8) were calculated for the biopolymer fractions, which represented 16–38 % of the measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), indicating a significant presence of high M r proteins in the EPS. Protein and polysaccharide represented the two major components of EPS and, when combined, accounted for the measured DOC in extracts. Differences in specific OC fractions of EPS extracts over the course of the study could be quantified using this method. This study suggests that LC-OCD-OND is a new valuable tool in EPS characterization of periphyton. 相似文献
367.
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369.
黄土高原地区土壤田间持水量的计算 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
研究应用土壤类型图和土壤剖面数据库,通过不同土壤质地标准转换,识别黄土高原地区土壤质地类型。在此基础上,应用土壤转换函数法和土壤质地信息进行1m深度内土壤田间持水量的计算,再根据土壤质地信息和植被类型数据进行有效土壤厚度的估算。结果表明,该参数在黄土高原地区有很大的差异,大体趋势是从东南向西北逐渐降低。西北部土壤田间持水量较低,大部分地区为200~300mm;河套地区较高,为400~500mm;中部地区为300~400mm,少数的森林区域可以达到500~600mm。东南部的土田间持水量较高,大部分区域为400~500mm;森林区域可以达到700~800mm。 相似文献
370.