上海市闵行区综合水环境质量分析及研究

分析了上海市闵行区水环境质量的现状.采用同济大学开发的水质标识指数法,对闵行区2001～2005年间三大水系(即淀南片、淀北片及浦东片)的综合水质、综合水质按月变化情况、主干河流沿程变化等进行了分析.提出了改善河道水动力、河道曝气复氧、建设城市污水处理厂及完善污水管网、监测计划的前瞻性、修建护坡及绿化带等建议.     

炼焦过程排放挥发性有机物的排放特征和组成分布研究

为控制炼焦排放以及为预防城市大气污染提供可靠的污染源数据支持,利用不锈钢采样罐和全自动预浓缩/GC/MS系统,研究了58-Ⅱ型和JN43-80型焦炉在装煤时刻和炼焦过程(包括装煤时刻)中挥发有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及其组成分布,分析了焦化行业排放VOCs的反应活性。研究发现,在装煤时刻和炼焦过程中,58-Ⅱ型焦炉产生的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度分别为7022μg/m~3和6266μg/m~3;JN43-80型焦炉产生的TVOCs浓度分别为4185μg/m~3和3298μg/m~3。装煤时刻产生的TVOCs浓度明显高于炼焦过程产生的。炼焦过程无组织排放的VOCs包含烯烃、烷烃、芳香烃、卤代烃以及少量的醛和酮,其中乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、苯、甲苯等为主要成分。这些产生的VOCs反应活性各不相同,活性最大的是烯烃类物质,其活性占TVOCs反应活性比重为(86.2±2.1)%;其次是芳香烃类物质,其活性比重为(9.2±3.1)%;反应活性最大的5个物种分别是丙烯、乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯以及苯乙烯。     

原位铁氧化物载铁活性炭的制备及其对水中As(Ⅲ)的去除性能

针对水中三价砷As(Ⅲ)毒害大、难去除的问题,本研究采用FeSO4/K2FeO4组合处理方式以恒温浸润法对活性炭进行改性,制备获得原位铁氧化物载铁活性炭(AFPAC),利用负载的铁氧化物的吸附性能,耦合活性炭的吸附和有效的固液分离功能,实现了As(Ⅲ)的高效去除.结果表明,当AFPAC投加量1g·L-1时,对初始质量浓...     

随机故障、蓄意攻击与城乡路网空间稳定性——以武汉城市圈为例

基于1995~2010武汉城市圈城乡路网空间数据,综合运用复杂网络理论、动力系统理论及现代控制理论等多学科的方法和理论,采取随机故障和蓄意侵略两种攻击策略及多种评价指标,通过建立动力学演化模型并进行模拟仿真,揭示武汉城市圈城乡道路网的空间稳定性：（1）因分布相对均匀,节点连接随机多样,在面临随机攻击时,武汉城市圈城乡路网体现出“类随机性”,抗攻击能力强;（2）高度节点、高介数节点失效时,引致的城乡路网效率和结构变化程度不一,高介数节点失效往往更容易导致路网破碎和效率降低（形成众多子图）;（3）桥梁和高速成为整个圈域城乡路网的关键边,不同桥梁或高速路段相对网络稳定性的重要程度不一样：圈域中心城区的大桥和二桥、南北向的京港澳、大广高速成为整个城乡路网的关键路径     

Effect of Earthworm(Pheretima sp.) Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio (w/w) of 75:25. Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum). The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

Mg-La-Fe/沸石复合材料的制备及其处理低浓度含磷废水的性能

以沸石为载体,选用镁、镧和铁为改性剂,采用水热法制备了一种新型高效且易于磁性分离回用的载镧磁性沸石吸附剂（MLFZ）.等温吸附和动力学研究结果表明,其吸附行为符合Langmuir等温模型和准二级动力学模型,MLFZ饱和吸附量为13.46 mg·g^-1; MLFZ在pH为3～9范围内均表现出良好的吸附性能,共存离子条件下对磷酸根具有特异吸附能力,通过磁性吸附重复使用5次后,MLFZ对磷酸盐去除率维持在90%左右,突显了其易于回收再利用的优点;FTIR、 XPS和Zeta电位表征显示,表面沉积、静电吸附作用和镧与磷酸盐通过配体交换形成内层络合物在吸附过程中为主要作用.将MLFZ用于处理自然池塘污水,结果显示磷酸盐浓度由0.86 mg·L^-1降低到0.013 mg·L^-1,表明该吸附剂具有良好的实际应用前景.     

System dynamics modeling for municipal water demand estimation in an urban region under uncertain economic impacts

Accurate prediction of municipal water demand is critically important to water utilities in fast-growing urban regions for drinking water system planning, design, and water utility asset management. Achieving the desired prediction accuracy is challenging, however, because the forecasting model must simultaneously consider a variety of factors associated with climate changes, economic development, population growth and migration, and even consumer behavioral patterns. Traditional forecasting models such as multivariate regression and time series analysis, as well as advanced modeling techniques (e.g., expert systems and artificial neural networks), are often applied for either short- or long-term water demand projections, yet few can adequately manage the dynamics of a water supply system because of the limitations in modeling structures. Potential challenges also arise from a lack of long and continuous historical records of water demand and its dependent variables. The objectives of this study were to (1) thoroughly review water demand forecasting models over the past five decades, and (2) propose a new system dynamics model to reflect the intrinsic relationship between water demand and macroeconomic environment using out-of-sample estimation for long-term municipal water demand forecasts in a fast-growing urban region. This system dynamics model is based on a coupled modeling structure that takes into account the interactions among economic and social dimensions, offering a realistic platform for practical use. Practical implementation of this water demand forecasting tool was assessed by using a case study under the most recent alternate fluctuations of economic boom and downturn environments.     

Green shipping practices in the shipping industry: Conceptualization, adoption, and implications

There have been increasing concerns about the adverse impacts on the environment caused by cargo movement in international trade. Different stakeholders ranging from shippers and carriers to government bodies and international communities have expressed worries about the environmental impacts brought by shipping related activities. The pollution and waste created in the shipping processes have imposed environmental burdens and accelerated resource depletion. The situation is set to worsen in the face of intensifying trade globalization, which has contributed to sustained growth in international shipping activities. To help protect the environment, many shipping firms have taken the initiative to find ways to lessen the environmental damage of their operations while enhancing their performance. The objective of this study is to examine the environmental awareness and the environmental measures taken in the shipping industry. We propose a conceptual framework for evaluating green shipping practices and develop several propositions stating the conditions under which shipping firms would behave in an environmentally responsible manner. We conclude with managerial and policy implications of the conceptual framework to promote green shipping practices in the shipping industry.     

岷江上游流域水电梯级开发的生态环境需水研究

本文通过分析岷江上游水电梯级开发对生态环境的主要影响,确定维持流域生态平衡的最小生态环境需水量测算方法。经测算,岷江上游的生态环境需水量占流域多年平均流量的6%～33%,越靠近源头,生态环境需水量所占比例越大。建议提高岷江上游生态环境需水量所占比例,将生态环境需水占比超过20%的茂县以上河段设为禁止开发区域,取消禁止开发区域内原规划的6级电站。同时在已建电站坝下和各县域出境断面设置生态流量监控断面,确保流域开发的环境生态平衡。     

1949年以来河南省城镇化进程及城镇密集区研究

河南省是中部地区城镇化水平较高较快的省份,研究其城镇化格局与过程对提升河南省城镇化的质量具有重要的示范意义与应用价值.在时间进程方面,对建国后河南省的城镇化时间进程进行了阶段划分和原因分析;在空间进程方面,考虑到统计口径和有些年份数据的缺失,采用对比分析方法进行空间分析并通过kernel密度分析方法进行了辅助分析.研究表明,河南省城镇化时间进程存在明显差异,且在1949-2009年间不断扩大;河南省城镇化水平空间分布格局“中间密、外围疏”的基本倾向没有发生根本性变更;河南省城镇化水平发育逐渐趋于稳定的差异化发展;河南省城镇密集区1995年之后逐步形成,2000年后城镇密集区的集聚核心区逐步发育成长.