五羰基铁对正辛硫醇中硫的脱除研究

由于能源化石类燃料中均包含不同含量的硫化物,随着人类对这些能源的不断利用,引发的环境污染等问题日趋严重。利用五羰基铁(Fe(CO)5)分解条件温和可控,产物无杂质,分解后的Fe0可以与硫原子原位键合等特点。文章尝试采用Fe(CO)5作为脱硫剂在温和条件下进行脱除正辛硫醇的研究。实验结果表明:随着压强(101~5 067 kPa)、Fe(CO)5加入量(50~250μL)、时间(1~6 h)和温度(0~180℃)的不同,Fe(CO)5脱硫效率具有明显差异,在此基础上得到最佳脱硫条件及最高脱除效率:常压、Fe(CO)5加入量200μL(1.4 mmol)、t=2h和T=140℃时,达到最高硫容3 450 mg/L。分别采用IR、XPS手段对脱硫反应机理进行了探索。IR结果表明:在1 084 cm-1处为硫氧峰,在797 cm-1归属为铁氧峰。XPS结果表明:167.8 eV处可能为S4+,711.6 eV处可能为Fe3+。因此,正辛硫醇脱除的可能机理为巯基断裂,并在空气中与氧结合,最终形成S4+,而Fe(CO)5的Fe经过脱硫之后,在空气中不稳定,最终被氧化成Fe3+。     

Zn~(2+)对滇池藻类生长的影响

有关氮、磷对滇池藻类生长的影响研究,已有大量的报道,有关其它元素对滇池藻类影响的研究报道较少。本研究以滇池藻样为实验对象,实验不同Zn2+浓度对滇池藻类的影响情况,结果表明,高Zn2+浓度以抑制滇池藻类生长为主,低Zn2+浓度以促进滇池藻类生长为主。实验结果表明,在控制滇池湖藻类生长时,除了要注意控制N,P之外,还应考虑Zn2+对藻类生长的影响。     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

项目环境影响评价与战略环境评价比较

结合国内外战略环境评价研究状况,对战略环境评价和项目环境影响评价的关系进行了较为全面地比较.通过分析项目环境影响评价的不足和战略环境评价的优点, 指出开展战略环境评价,可完善环境影响评价体系,促进可持续发展战略实施.并就战略环境评价与项目环境评价在研究对象、管理体系、技术特点、方法体系和技术手段等方面的区别作了明确阐述.最后分析了二者的联系,明确了二者的层次关系及可供借鉴之处.     

北京市PM2.5水溶性有机物污染特征

用离子色谱技术对北京市2001~2002年大气PM2.5中7种水溶性有机物(WSOC)(甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸)及12种无机离子(F-、Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、SO32-、SO42-、PO43-、Na 、NH4 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 )的污染水平进行了同步测定.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-及NH4 为PM2.5中主要的水溶性物种,分别占PM2.5质量的10.6%、7.4%和5.7%;7种WSOC的浓度为0.011~0.118靏/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的0.01%~0.1%,其中浓度最高的为乙二酸,其次为乙酸、丙二酸、丁二酸等;对PM2.5各化学组分浓度的季节变化特征的分析表明,PM2.5及OC的高浓度污染均出现在冬季采暖期,而WSOC则出现在夏季;对乙二酸与其他各组分进行相关性分析表明,乙二酸与SO42-、K 、NH4 、NO3-有较强的线性相关性(r=0.83,0.57,0.49,0.33),而与Cl-、Na 、Mg2 、Ca2 、EC、OC相关性较差(r=0.24, 0.22,0.12,0.05,0.13,0.10).由乙二酸季节变化特征及与其他物种相关性等特征初步推断,北京市PM2.5二元羧酸的主要来源为光化学反应而形成的二次污染物,而非来源于机动车、海盐或土壤的一次排放.     

斑马鱼基因芯片技术在双酚A毒性机制研究中的应用

运用斑马鱼基因芯片技术和实时定量RT-PCR方法,从分子水平上研究了双酚A(BPA)对斑马鱼的毒性作用机制.试验将受精后的斑马鱼胚胎在0.5、1.5和4.5 mg/L BPA暴露8 d,基因芯片并经实时定量RT-PCR验证检测出50个特异基因表达上调或下调、并呈显著的剂量-毒性效应(p0.05).这些差异表达基因的发现证明BPA具有遗传毒性,并且通过它们功能和作用途径的分析,可以为前期工作中观察到的生理毒性和代谢紊乱等机制研究提供支持.     

Natural recovery of different areas of a deserted quarry in South China

A quarry is a surface mining operated place, which produces enormous quantities of gravel, limestone, and other materials for industrial and construction applications. Restoration and revegetation of deserted quarries are becoming increasingly important. Three areas of a typical quarry in South China: terrace for crushed materials (terrace), spoiled mound, and remaining side slope, were investigated, to compare the existing plant species and to study the relationship between environmental factors and revegetation. The plant species composition of these three areas was found to differ significantly after eight years of natural recovery. The typical plant communities found over them were composed of gramineous herbs, fems, and shrubs. Soil organic matter, soil moisture, and soil bulk density were considered to be the major determining factors for vegetation succession. There existed abiotic and biotic thresholds during quarrying restoration. Suggestions had been presented that could have accelerated the process of natural recovery in quarries.     

基于遥感数据的区域洪涝风险评估改进模型

灾害风险评估是最简单有效的防灾减灾措施之一。以松花江流域为研究区域,提出了一种基于遥感实时监测数据和历史洪涝灾害数据的洪涝风险评估改进模型。选取中国气象科学数据共享服务网的降雨数据、NASA的SRTM90mDEM地形数据、河网数据以及对2007年全国统计年鉴进行空间化所得的人口和GDP数据作为因子,应用层次分析法计算了各因子的权重,基于洪涝灾害形成机制计算了初始的松花江洪涝风险指数。在此基础上,获取历史洪涝灾情频次数据和HJ-1实时遥感影像提取的水体淹没范围数据,利用地图代数法来对初始的风险指数进行改进。考虑历史洪涝风险的规律性和风险评测时的具体水体范围信息,使得所得结果能够反映松花江流域洪涝灾害的综合风险,具有一定的现势性,为防灾减灾提供了依据。     

荧光分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

建立了荧光分光光度法测定土壤中石油类.方法检出限为3 mg/kg,实际土壤加标回收率为95.5％ ～108％,精密度(RSD,n=6)为2.4％ ～8.7％.实验结果表明,该方法准确可靠、灵敏度高、选择性好、操作简便,与红外分光光度法有较好的可比性,满足土壤中石油类分析要求.     

集合数值预报系统在上海市空气质量预测预报中的应用研究

介绍了上海市世博环境空气质量集合数值预报系统的框架,分析了各模式在上海市空气质量预报及排放源污染贡献测算中的应用情况,提出开发多种预报手段、实施集合预报是提高城市空气质量预报准确率的发展方向。