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971.
GuanNan Xiong YunHui Zhang YongHong Duan ChuanYang Cai Xin Wang JingYa Li Shu Tao WenXin Liu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(23):18953-18965
Samples of ambient air (including gaseous and particulate phases), dust fall, surface soil, rhizosphere soil, core (edible part), outer leaf, and root of cabbage from eight vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer were collected during the harvest period. Concentrations, compositions, and distributions of parent PAHs in different samples were determined. Our results indicated that most of the parent PAHs in air occurred in the gaseous phase, dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) species with two to three rings. Specific isomeric ratios and principal component analysis were employed to preliminarily identify the local sources of parent PAHs emitted. The main emission sources of parent PAHs could be apportioned as a mixture of coal combustion, coking production, and traffic tailing gas. PAH components with two to four rings were prevailing in dust fall, surface soil, and rhizosphere soil. Concentrations of PAHs in surface soil exhibited a significant positive correlation with topsoil TOC fractions. Compositional profiles in outer leaf and core of cabbage, dominated by LMW species, were similar to those in the local air. Overall, the order of parent PAH concentration in cabbage was outer leaf > root > core. Partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear stepwise regression revealed that PAH concentrations in cabbage core were closely associated with PAHs present both in root and in outer leaf, namely, affected by adsorption, then absorption, and translocation of PAHs from rhizosphere soil and ambient air, respectively. 相似文献
972.
973.
Muhammad Shakeel Muhammad Farooq Wajid Nasim Waseem Akram Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan Waqar Jaleel Xun Zhu Haichen Yin Shuzhong Li Shah Fahad Saddam Hussain Bhagirath Singh Chauhan Fengliang Jin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(17):14537-14550
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is recognized as a widely distributed destructive insect pest of Brassica worldwide. The management of this pest is a serious issue, and an estimated annual cost of its management has reached approximately US$4 billion. Despite the fact that chemicals are a serious threat to the environment, lots of chemicals are applied for controlling various insect pests especially P. xylostella. An overreliance on chemical control has not only led to the evolution of resistance to insecticides and to a reduction of natural enemies but also has polluted various components of water, air, and soil ecosystem. In the present scenario, there is a need to implement an environmentally friendly integrated pest management (IPM) approach with new management tactics (microbial control, biological control, cultural control, mating disruption, insecticide rotation strategies, and plant resistance) for an alternative to chemical control. The IPM approach is not only economically beneficial but also reduces the environmental and health risks. The present review synthesizes published information on the insecticide resistance against P. xylostella and emphasizes on adopting an alternative environmentally friendly IPM approach for controlling P. xylostella in China. 相似文献
974.
Webber Wei-Po Lai Ying-Chih Chuang Angela Yu-Chen Lin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(17):14595-14604
The influences of HCO3 ?, Cl?, and other components on the UV/TiO2 degradation of the antineoplastic agents ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were studied in this work. The results indicated that the presence of HCO3 ?, Cl?, NO3 ?, and SO4 2? in water bodies resulted in lower degradation efficiencies. The half-lives of IFO and CP were 1.2 and 1.1 min and increased 2.3–7.3 and 3.2–6.3 times, respectively, in the presence of the four anions (initial compound concentration = 100 μg/L, TiO2 loading =100 mg/L, anion concentration = 1000 mg/L, and pH = 8). Although the presence of HCO3 ? in the UV/TiO2/HCO3 ? system resulted in a lower degradation rate and less byproduct formation for IFO and CP, two newly identified byproducts, P11 (M.W. = 197) and P12 (M.W. = 101), were formed and detected, suggesting that additional pathways occurred during the reaction of ?CO3 ? in the system. The results also showed that ?CO3 ? likely induces a preferred ketonization pathway. Besides the inorganic anions HCO3 ?, Cl?, NO3 ?, and SO4 2?, the existence of dissolved organic matter in the water has a significant effect and inhibits CP degradation. Toxicity tests showed that higher toxicity occurred in the presence of HCO3 ? or Cl? during UV/TiO2 treatment and within 6 h of reaction time, implying that the effects of these two anions should not be ignored when photocatalytic treatment is applied to treat real wastewater. 相似文献
975.
Design of water quality monitoring networks with two information scenarios in tropical Andean basins
Juan Carlos Bastidas Jorge Julián Vélez Jeannette Zambrano Adela Londoño 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(25):20134-20148
Design and redesign of water quality monitoring networks were evaluated for two similarly sized watersheds in the tropical Andes via optimization techniques using geographic information system technology (GIS) and a matter-element analysis of 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS). This resulted in a flexible, objectively based design for a 1128-km2 watershed without prior water quality data (La Miel River), and a network redesign of a 1052-km2 watershed with historical water quality monitoring (Chinchiná River). Monitoring design for the undocumented basin incorporated mathematical expressions for physical, anthropological, and historical factors—and was based on clear objectives for diagnosis and intervention of water pollution. Network redesign identified network redundancy, which resulted in a 64% reduction in the number of water quality monitoring stations along the channel, and a 78% reduction of stations throughout the basin. Most tropical drainage basins throughout the world have little to no prior water quality data. But even in well-studied drainage basins like the Chinchiná River, which is among the most thoroughly studied basins in Colombia, redesign of historical and existing monitoring networks will become a standard tool to advance the restoration of polluted surface waters, not only in Colombia, but also throughout the world. 相似文献
976.
Qingli Cheng Guangyan Lou Wenhai Huang Xudong Li 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(21):17446-17454
The Yellow River Delta is the most intact estuary wetland in China and suffers from great pressure of metals. Seventy-seven surface sediment samples were collected in the delta, and contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Mn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and those of Hg and As by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that means of metal contents (ppm, dry weight) were as follows: Hg, 0.04; Cr, 61.72; Cu, 20.97; Zn, 60.73; As, 9.47; Pb, 21.91; Cd, 0.12; Ni, 27.24; and Mn, 540.48. 43.8% of Hg and 14.3% of Cd were from the allogenic source while others from the authigenic source. The results of the geoaccumulation indexes appeared that 6.5% of sites from the estuarine and the Gudao areas were moderately polluted by Hg. All ecological risk index values of Hg and 37.7% of Cd were more than 40, which were the main factors of strongly and moderately potential ecological risks of 37.7% of sites in the delta. High Cd contents may be due to the alkaline conditions of the delta and the unreasonable management of the farmland, while the abnormal distribution of Hg to the wet or dry deposition and the erosion of the seawater. It was suggested to monitor Hg content in the atmosphere of the Yellow River Delta. The results were expected to update the pollution status of metals in the delta and created awareness of preserving the sound condition of the Yellow River Delta. 相似文献
977.
Laura Blanco Daphne Hermosilla Carlos Negro Nathalie Swinnen David Prieto Ángeles Blanco 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(20):16631-16638
To reduce fresh water consumption in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant, the effluent from a biological treatment must be demineralized to be re-used in the resin polymerization process. Demineralization is a critical process, since the quality and the stability of the PVC resins are highly influenced by the water quality used in the process. The main target values for water parameters are the following: conductivity <10 μScm?1, TOC < 10 mg L?1, and Al < 0.1 mg L?1. To achieve this quality, several reverse osmosis membranes from different materials and suppliers were tested and compared in the demineralization treatment. Polyamide membranes showed higher salt rejection compared to cellulose acetate membranes yielding both types similar flux and permeability. Two-pass reverse osmosis treatment was necessary to reach conductivities lower than 10 μS cm?1. On the other hand, a good quality effluent for reuse was obtained by combining RO and ionic exchange resins. Results showed that good quality PVC resins in terms of color, granulometry, porosity, and bulk density were obtained when demineralized water from two-pass reverse osmosis was used as fresh water, proving the feasibility of the effluent reuse in the PVC industry. 相似文献
978.
Ka-Hei Lui Wen-Ting Dai Chi-Sing Chan Linwei Tian Bo-Fu Ning Yiping Zhou Xiaolin Song Bei Wang Jinwen Li Jun-Ji Cao Shun-Cheng Lee Kin-Fai Ho 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(21):17500-17510
Airborne carbonyls were characterized from emitted indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Eleven of 19 types of samples (58%) demonstrated formaldehyde concentrations higher than the World Health Organization exposure limit (a 30-min average of 100 μg m?3). Different positive significant correlations between glyoxal/methylglyoxal and formaldehyde/acetaldehyde concentrations were observed, suggesting possible different characteristics in emissions between two pairs of carbonyl compounds. A sample in the highest inhalation risk shows 29.2 times higher risk than the lowest sample, suggesting different coal sampling locations could contribute to the variation of inhalation risk. Inhabitants in Xuanwei also tend to spend more time cooking and more days per year indoors than the national average. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 2.2–63 × 10?5, which shows 13 types of samples at high-risk level. Cumulative effect in combination with different carbonyls could have contributed to the additive actual inhalation cancer risk. There is a need to explicitly address the health effects of environmentally relevant doses, considering life-long exposure in indoor dwellings. 相似文献
979.
João Amorim Miguel Fernandes Vitor Vasconcelos Luis Oliva Teles 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(19):16086-16096
The aim of this study was to develop a biological early warning system for the detection of aquatic toxicity and test it with five toxicants with distinct chemical nature. This was done in order to verify the spectrum of sensitivities of the proposed system, as well as the potential identification capability of the tested contaminants, using only the analysis of zebrafish’s behavior. Six experimental conditions were tested: negative control and five toxicants (bleach, lindane, tributyltin, mercury, and formaldehyde). The exposure time was 45 min, and the concentrations used corresponded to 9% of LC50’s-96 h for the tested compounds, to ensure ecologically relevant results. A total of 108 fish were used, with each individual experimental condition being tested 18 times. A statistical model of diagnosis was used, combining self-organizing map and correspondence analysis. The values of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, false positive, false negative, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. The objectives of the work were accomplished and the system showed a good overall diagnostic performance with 79% in accuracy, 77% in sensitivity, and 88% in specificity. The lowest result of the predictive values was 78% (lindane and mercury), in the case of the NPV, and 86% (bleach and lindane), in the case of the PPV. The best result of the predictive values was 100% (bleach and tributyltin), for the NPV, and 89% (tributyltin), for the PPV. Regarding the five tested toxicants, the system was able to correctly identify the agent responsible for the contamination in 40% of the positive diagnoses. 相似文献
980.