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81.
Daniel P. Y. Chang Bradford C. Grems 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):673-675
The body of information presented in this paper is directed toward those individuals involved with handling hazardous materials, whether in actual use of such chemicals, or in monitoring atmospheric emissions. Although specifically relating experience in the design and testing of phosgene emission control equipment, it attempts to establish general guidelines for effectively dealing with emissions of hazardous materials. An approach for handling chemical pollutants having no established air quality emission standards is developed. The paper presents a technique for establishing process emissions at acceptably low levels to insure the health and safety of the general population as well as that of the process workers themselves. Methods, suitable for measuring phosgene at these low levels, have been investigated, and problems associated with such an investigation are discussed. While complete theoretical scrubber design criteria are beyond the scope of this paper, many of the "real world" problems which affected scrubber performance are presented. Finally, the practical aspects of process emissions control are illustrated by actual results from the system test. 相似文献
82.
83.
Quanlu Wang Mark A. DeLuchi Daniel Sperling 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1275-1284
Alternative vehicular fuels are proposed as a strategy to reduce urban air pollution. In this paper, we analyze the emission Impacts of electric vehicles In California for two target years, 1995 and 2010. We consider a range of assumptions regarding electricity consumption of electric vehicles, emission control technologies for power plants, and the mix of primary energy sources for electricity generation. We find that, relative to continued use of gasoline-powered vehicles, the use of electric vehicles would dramatically and unequivocally reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Under most conditions, nitrogen oxide emissions would decrease moderately. Sulfur oxide and particulate emissions would Increase or slightly decrease. Because other areas of the United States tend to use more coal in electricity generation and have less stringent emission controls on power plants, electric vehicles may have less emission reduction benefits outside California. 相似文献
84.
85.
Tom F. Dann Daniel K. Wang 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):695-702
Abstract Since 1987, the Pollution Measurement Division of the Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, has operated a field program for measuring benzene in ambient air. With the cooperation of provincial and municipal environmental agencies, samples have been collected at over 30 urban and rural monitoring sites across the country. Samples are collected in evacuated canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector. Using data from all sites, the composite average benzene concentration for Canada over the years 1989 to 1993 was 3.6 μg/m3 and the composite median was found to be 2.6 μ/m3. Benzene concentrations are highest at urban sites near major streets and at sites influenced by industrial sources. For eighteen urban and suburban trend sites (those with no nearby industrial sources), composite annual median benzene concentrations decreased by 20% between 1989 and 1993. For the same period, median benzene concentrations decreased by 33% at four trend sites with nearby industries. At most monitoring sites the parameters for benzene and CO are highly correlated; supporting the inventory estimate that most emissions of benzene are due to vehicle exhaust. For sites with nearby industrial sources of benzene, the industries are estimated to account for 35 to 70% of the benzene dose experienced at the sites. These site specific contributions are much more significant than the estimated national emissions assigned to industrial sources. 相似文献
86.
Daniel Grosjean 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1664-1669
Detailed mechanisms are outlined for the chemical reactions that contribute to In-situ formation and atmospheric removal of the unsaturated aliphatic contaminants acrolein, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride. In-situ formation of small amounts of acrolein and maleic anhydride may Involve the reaction of OH (and O3) with 1,3-dienes and the reaction of OH with aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. There is no known pathway for In-situ formation of acrylonitrile. Rapid removal of acrolein (half-life = less than one day) and of maleic anhydride (half-life = several hours) is expected from their rapid reactions with OH (major), O3, and NO3. These reactions lead to formaldehyde and glyoxal from acrolein and to dicarbonyls from maleic anhydride. Acrylonitrile is removed at a slower rate (half-life = 2–7 days) by reaction with OH, leading to formaldehyde and formyl cyanide. 相似文献
87.
Daniel Grosjean 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):182-189
Detailed mechanisms are outlined for the chemical reactions involved In the atmospheric removal of four unsaturated chlorinated aliphatic contaminants, allyl chloride, chloroprene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene and vlnylldene chloride. Rate constants estimated from structure-reactivity relationships Indicate rapid removal for all four compounds by reactions with OH (major), ozone, and NO3, with half-lives of 2-16 hrs for removal by reaction with OH. Reaction products of allyl chloride (formaldehyde, chloroacetaldehyde, peroxychloroacetyl nitrate) and vinylidene chloride (formaldehyde, phosgene, chloroacetyl chloride) are consistent with OH addition-Initiated pathways that include Cl atom elimination. The chlorine atoms produced In the OH reaction sequence react rapidly with all four unsaturated compounds, but these reactions are of negligible Importance for atmospheric removal of the four toxic contaminants studied. Analogous mechanisms are discussed for chloroprene (leading to formaldehyde, CH2 = CCICHO, and CICOCHO) and for hexachlorocyclopentadlene (leading to oxalyl chloride and CICOCCI2COCI). 相似文献
88.
Daniel P. Connell Jeffrey A. Withum Stephen E. Winter Robert M. Statnick Richard A. Bilonick 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):467-480
Abstract Average concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in Steubenville, OH, have decreased by more than 10 μg/m3 since the landmark Harvard Six Cities Study1 associated the city’s elevated PM2.5 concentrations with adverse health effects in the 1980s. Given the promulgation of a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 in 1997, a current assessment of PM2.5 in the Steubenville region is warranted. The Steubenville Comprehensive Air Monitoring Program (SCAMP) was conducted from 2000 through 2002 to provide such an assessment. The program included both an outdoor ambient air monitoring component and an indoor and personal air sampling component. This paper, which is the first in a series of four that will present results from the outdoor portion of SCAMP, provides an overview of the outdoor ambient air monitoring program and addresses statistical issues, most notably autocorrelation, that have been overlooked by many PM2.5 data analyses. The average PM2.5 concentration measured in Steubenville during SCAMP (18.4 μg/m3) was 3.4g/m3 above the annual PM2.5 NAAQS. On average, sulfate and organic material accounted for ~31% and 25%, respectively, of the total PM2.5 mass. Local sources contributed an estimated 4.6 μg/m3 to Steubenville’s mean PM2.5 concentration. PM2.5 and each of its major ionic components were significantly correlated in space across all pairs of monitoring sites in the region, suggesting the influence of meteorology and long-range transport on regional PM2.5 concentrations. Statistically significant autocorrelation was observed among time series of PM2.5 and component data collected at daily and 1-in-4-day frequencies during SCAMP. Results of spatial analyses that accounted for autocorrelation were generally consistent with findings from previous studies that did not consider autocorrelation; however, these analyses also indicated that failure to account for autocorrelation can lead to incorrect conclusions about statistical significance. 相似文献
89.
de Nazelle A Nieuwenhuijsen MJ Antó JM Brauer M Briggs D Braun-Fahrlander C Cavill N Cooper AR Desqueyroux H Fruin S Hoek G Panis LI Janssen N Jerrett M Joffe M Andersen ZJ van Kempen E Kingham S Kubesch N Leyden KM Marshall JD Matamala J Mellios G Mendez M Nassif H Ogilvie D Peiró R Pérez K Rabl A Ragettli M Rodríguez D Rojas D Ruiz P Sallis JF Terwoert J Toussaint JF Tuomisto J Zuurbier M Lebret E 《Environment international》2011,37(4):766-777
90.
Viable skin efficiently absorbs and metabolizes bisphenol A 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Skin contact has been hypothesized to contribute to human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). We examined the diffusion and metabolism of BPA using viable skin models: human skin explants and short-term cultures of pig ear skin, an alternative model for the study of the fate of xenobiotics following contact exposure. 14C-BPA [50-800 nmol] was applied on the surface of skin models. Radioactivity distribution was measured in all skin compartments and in the diffusion cells of static cells diffusion systems. BPA and metabolites were further quantified by radio-HPLC. BPA was efficiently absorbed in short-term cultures, with no major difference between the models used in the study [viable pig ear skin: 65%; viable human explants: 46%; non-viable (previously frozen) pig skin: 58%]. BPA was extensively metabolized in viable systems only. Major BPA metabolites produced by the skin were BPA mono-glucuronide and BPA mono-sulfate, accounting together for 73% and 27% of the dose, in pig and human, respectively. In conclusion, experiments with viable skin models unequivocally demonstrate that BPA is readily absorbed and metabolized by the skin. The trans-dermal route is expected to contribute substantially to BPA exposure in human, when direct contact with BPA (free monomer) occurs. 相似文献