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971.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel Die Exposition gentechnisch ver?nderter Kulturpflanzen erfordert die Beobachtung ihrer Umweltwirkungen. Ziel der Beitragsserie
über die Beobachtung ?kologischer Wirkungen von GVO ist es, den hierzu erreichten Stand der Wissenschaft vorzustellen. Da
bei einem Bundesl?nder und ggf. europ?ische Staaten übergreifenden Monitoring besonders auf methodisch vergleichbare und r?umlich
aussagekr?ftige Daten zu achten ist, werden in diesem einführenden Beitrag wissenschaftstheoretische und statistische Grundlagen
des Monitoring sowie die Standardisierung der Beobachtungsverfahren behandelt.
Schwerpunkte Im Mittelpunkt stehen zun?chst ?kologische Anforderungen an das GVO-Monitoring. Um mit GVO ggf. zusammenh?ngende Umweltver?nderungen
ermitteln zu k?nnen, ist eine Eingliederung in bestehende Umweltbeobachtungsprogramme erforderlich. GVO-Exposition und-Wirkung
sind aufeinander bezogen über die Organisationsstufen ?kologischer Systeme hinweg zu erfassen. Ein effizientes und suffizientes
Monitoring bedarf eines wissenschaftstheoretisch und statistisch soliden Designs. Deshalb werden einem weiteren Schwerpunkt
dieses Beitrags wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen der Hypothesenbildung und-prüfung behandelt. Hierfür bedarf es Daten,
die mehreren, im Einzelnen behandelten Qualit?tskriterien entsprechen müssen. Eines dieser Kriterien ist die r?umliche und
zeitliche Verallgemeinerungsf?higkeit der Monitoring-Befunde, die in dem dritten Schwerpunkt des Beitrags dargestellt wird.
Schlussfolgerungen Für die Prüfung von Hypothesen über Umweltfolgen von GVO sind konsequent ?kosystemforschung und Monitoring eng miteinander
zu vernetzen. Denn sie erfüllen komplement?re Funktionen, die für das Monitoring der Umweltwirkungen von GVO von gro?er praktischer
und wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung sind.
Empfehlungen Das GVO-Monitoring sollte in bestehende Programme der ?kosystemforschung und der Umweltbeobachtung eingebettet werden und
die ?kologischen Organisationsstufen sowie GVO-Exposition und-Wirkung einschlie?en. Die Lokalisierung der Messorte sollte
die erwartete Exposition oder Wirkung berücksichtigen.
Perspektiven Weitere Beitr?ge dieser Serie werden die Messplanung, das Pollenmonitoring und die r?umliche Verallgemeinerung von Ergebnissen
standortspezifischer Messungen oder Modellierungen behandeln.
Environmental monitoring of ecological impacts of GMOs
Goal, Scope and Background The release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may result in ecological impacts to be monitored. This series presents the state-of-art concerning the environmental monitoring of ecological impacts of GMOs. Since this monitoring is conducted by several authorities, the methodical comparability and spatial validity of the monitoring data is crucial. Thus, the respective fundamentals of philosophy of science and of statistics as well as the methodical standardisation form the focus of this article. Main Features At first, the monitoring requirements will be described from the viewpoint of ecology. Consequently, the GMO monitoring needs to be integrated into existing programmes. Exposure and effects of GMOs have to be monitored across the hierarchy of ecological organisation. For monitoring to be efficient and sufficient, the design must be founded in terms of philosophy of science and statistics. Hence the fundamentals concerning the verification of hypotheses represent another feature of this article. The data used for the verification of hypotheses must comply with quality criteria. One of these criteria is the spatial and temporal extrapolation of the monitoring results, which is the third feature in this introductory article. Conclusions The evaluation of hypotheses on GMO impacts requires the linkage to ecosystems research and environmental monitoring. These both are, in terms of methodology, complementary and of significant technical and scientific value for GMO monitoring. Recommendations GMO-monitoring should closely be connected with ecosystems research and environmental monitoring. The levels of ecological organisation should be covered as well as the exposure and the effects of GMOs. The expected GMO exposure and effects should be considered by localising the monitoring sites. Perspectives Further articles of this series will deal with network designing, GMO pollen monitoring and extrapolation of site-specific measurements and modelling results.相似文献
972.
Jes Vollertsen Asbj?rn Haaning Nielsen Henriette Stokbro Jensen Thorkild Hvitved-Jacobsen 《Water environment research》2008,80(2):118-126
A conceptual model that simulates the formation and fate of odorous substances in branched collection systems is presented. The model predicts the activity of the relevant biomass phenotypes under aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions in force mains and gravity sewers. The formation and fate of individual, malodorous substances in the bulk water, biofilms, and sediments are modeled. The release of odorous compounds from the bulk water to the sewer gas phase, their fate in the gas phase, and their subsequent release into the urban atmosphere is simulated. Examples of model application include the prediction of hydrogen sulfide and malodorous fermentation products from force mains and gravity sewers. 相似文献
973.
Guiling?L.?ZhangEmail author Jing?Zhang Jie?Xu Jingling?L.?Ren Sumei?M.?Liu 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(6):645-654
CH4 concentrations in both the surface and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay were determined during four surveys in 2003, which showed
variability with both seasons and tidal cycles. Atmospheric fluxes of CH4 in Jiaozhou Bay showed obvious seasonal and spatial variations, with the highest values occurring in summer and the lowest
in winter. The annual emission of CH4 from Jiaozhou Bay was estimated to be . CH4 in the water column of Jiaozhou Bay was found to come from several land-sources including riverine water input, sewage water
input and groundwater input. The spatial and temporal variation in distributions and atmospheric fluxes of CH4 in Jiaozhou Bay was influenced mainly by the input of polluted river waters and the sewage effluents along the eastern coast,
which highlights the effects of human impacts on CH4 emission rates. 相似文献
974.
Hydrolytic degradation of azimsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The chemical degradation of the herbicide azimsulfuron was investigated in aqueous solutions at different pH values. The hydrolysis rate, determined by HPLC analyses, was pH dependent and was much faster in acidic than in neutral or weakly basic conditions. The metabolites formed at different pH values were compared with standards when possible or isolated and identified using ESI-LC-MS/MS, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR. The two main products of hydrolysis in mild acidic solution were identified as 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidine and 2-methyl-4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-sulfonamide, both produced as a result of the sulfonylurea bridge cleavage. Under basic conditions, a new product, a substituted 2-pyrimidinamine, deriving from the contraction of the sulfonylurea bridge, was isolated and completely characterized for the first time. 相似文献
975.
A lignite humic acid (HA) was fractionated by preparative high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) in seven different size-fractions. The size-fractions were characterized by cross polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) (13)C NMR spectroscopy and a further analytical HPSEC elution under UV and fluorescence detection. The alkyl hydrophobic components mainly distributed in the largest molecular-size-fraction, whereas the amount of oxidized carbons increased with decreasing size of fractions. Cross polarization time (T(CH)) and proton spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T(1rho)(H)) were measured from variable contact time (VCT) experiments. The bulk HA was characterized by the shortest T(CH) values and the longest T(1rho)(H) values which suggested, respectively, one. an aggregation of components in a large conformation that favored a fast H-C cross polarization, and, two. consequent steric hindrances that prevented fast local molecular motions and decreased proton relaxation rates. Conversely, the separated size-fractions showed longer T(CH) values and shorter T(1rho)(H) values than the bulk HA, thereby indicating that they were constituted by a larger number of mobile molecular conformations. The UV and fluorescence absorptions were both low in the large size-fractions that mainly contained alkyl carbons, whereas they increased in the olephinic- and aromatic-rich fractions with intermediate molecular-size, and decreased again in the smaller fractions which were predominantly composed by oxidized carbons. These results support the supramolecular structure of humic substances and indicate that the observed variation in conformational distribution in humic association may be used to explain environmental processes with additional precision. 相似文献
976.
Langer P Kocan A Tajtáková M Rádiková Z Petrík J Koska J Ksinantová L Imrich R Hucková M Chovancová J Drobná B Jursa S Bergman A Athanasiadou M Hovander L Gasperíková D Trnovec T Seböková E Klimes I 《Chemosphere》2007,70(1):110-118
In polluted district of Michalovce in East Slovakia (POLL) and two districts with background pollution (BCGR) 2046 adults (834 males and 1212 females aged 20-75 years) were examined. Serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3) and antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOab) were estimated by electrochemiluminiscent assay and also these of 15 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexane were measured by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In addition, also dioxins, furans, coplanar- and mono-ortho-PCBs as well as selected hydroxylated and methylsulphonated PCBs and DDE metabolites were measured by appropriate methods based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry principle. In POLL significantly higher levels of all organochlorines were found than these in BCGR. When pooled values from both areas were stratified in terms of PCBs level and treated as continuous variables, positive association of PCBs with FT4 and TT3 was found, the latter two being also mutually associated. However, within the category of PCBs level <530 ng/glipid (n=232) the association between PCBs and both the FT4 (p<0.09) and TT3 (p<0.03) was negative and any association of these was not found within the category of PCBs level of 531-1000 ng/g (n=691). In contrast, in the category of 531-2000 ng/g (n=1307) positive association appeared between PCBs and FT4 (p<0.001) as well as TT3 (p<0.05). Highly significant association of PCBs with FT4 (p<0.001) was further found in the categories with PCBs level of 1001-101414 ng/g (n=1307) and 2001-101414 (n=1123), while significant association with TT3 was observed only in the category of 531-2000 ng/g. Such findings suggest possible threshold level in positive effect of PCBs on FT4 and TT3 level which seems to be individual and located somewhere around the PCBs level of 1000 ng/g. However, highly significant negative association of both FT4 and TT3 with TSH was found in each of above indicated PCBs categories. Considerable difference in FT4 and TT3 level between large groups of subjects with the same range of PCBs level was also found suggesting different individual susceptibility to the effects of organochlorines. Among a total of 26 cases from POLL with very low TSH level (<0.5 mU l(-1)) 13 cases showed very high level of PCBs, FT4 and TT3, thus supporting a hypothesis on a novel sporadic form of high PCBs related peripheral subclinical hyperthyroidism possibly resulting from the long-term disruption of equilibrium between bound and free thyroxine in plasma by high PCBs level followed by a striking inhibition of TSH release from the pituitary. 相似文献
977.
Ruth Offermann Thilo Seidenberger Daniela Thrän Martin Kaltschmitt Sergey Zinoviev Stanislav Miertus 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(1):103-115
So far, various studies assessed global biomass potentials and came up with widely varying results. Existing potential estimates
range from 0 EJ/a up to more than 1,550 EJ/a which corresponds to about three times the current global primary energy consumption.
This paper provides an overview of the available research on bioenergy potentials and reviews the different assessments qualitative
way with the objective to interpret previous research in an integrated way. In the context of this paper we understand bioenergy
as energy from biomass sources including energy crops, residues, byproducts and wastes from agriculture, forestry, food production
and waste management. In this review special attention was paid to the difference between residue and energy potentials, land
availability estimates, and the geographical resolution of existing potential estimates. The majority of studies concentrate
on energy crop potentials retrieved from surplus agricultural land and only few publications assess global potentials separated
by different world regions. It results that land allocated to the exclusive production of energy crops varies from 0 to 7,000 ha,
depending on land category and scenario assumptions. Only a small number of available potential assessments consider residue
potentials as well as energy crop potentials from degraded land. Future energy crop potentials are assumed to vary in the
mean from 200 to 600 EJ/yr. In contrast residue potentials are expected to contribute between 62 and 325 EJ/yr. The highest
potentials are assigned to Asia, Africa and South America while Europe, North America and the Pacific region contribute minor
parts to the global potential. 相似文献
978.
European settlement of New England brought about a novel disturbance regime that impacted rivers and estuaries through overfishing, deforestation, dams, and water pollution. The negative consequences of these activities intensified with industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries, often resulting in ecosystem degradation. Since environmental legislation was implemented in the 1970s, improvement in water quality has been tangible and widespread; however, ecological recovery can require substantial amounts of time and may never be complete. To document the natural baseline conditions and investigate the recovery of a severely degraded river-estuary complex in mid-coast Maine, we examined diatoms, pollen, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, stable isotopes, total phosphorus, biogenic silica, and trace metals in intertidal sediments and established a chronology with 14C, 210Pb, and indicator pollen horizons. Both climate variability and human effects were evident in the sedimentary record of Merrymeeting Bay, the freshwater tidal portion of the Kennebec estuary. Natural climate variability was apparent in an episode of high sedimentation and altered diatom abundance during the 12th and 13th centuries and in changing pollen abundances between the 16th and 19th centuries, indicative of regional cooling. During the 18th century, colonial land clearance began an era of high sedimentation and eutrophication that strongly intensified with industrialization during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Improvements in water quality over the past 30 years in response to environmental regulation had little effect on ecosystem recovery as represented by the sedimentary record. Diatom composition and productivity and high fluxes of organic C, total P, and biogenic Si in recent sediments indicate that rates of nutrient loading remain high. These environmental proxies imply that aquatic productivity in Merrymeeting Bay was originally nutrient limited and water clarity high, relative to today. Further recovery may require more stringent regulation of nutrient inputs from industrial and municipal point sources. This historical study can contribute to public debate about the environmental management of this unusual river-estuary complex by describing its long-term natural baseline, thereby illustrating the upper limit of its potential for recovery. 相似文献
979.
Tadeusz Wszo?ek Maciej K?aczyński 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2007,13(4):433-440
Impulse sound events are characterised by ultra high pressures and low frequencies. Lower frequency sounds are generally less attenuated over a given distance in the atmosphere than higher frequencies. Thus, impulse sounds can be heard over greater distances and will be more affected by the environment. To calculate a long-term average immission level it is necessary to apply weighting factors like the probability of the occurrence of each weather condition during the relevant time period. This means that when measuring impulse noise at a long distance it is necessary to follow environmental parameters in many points along the way sound travels and also to have a database of sound transfer functions in the long term. The paper analyses the uncertainty of immission measurement results of impulse sound from cladding and destroying explosive materials. The influence of environmental conditions on the way sound travels is the focus of this paper. 相似文献
980.
Robert?StreifferEmail author Thomas?Hedemann 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2005,18(2):191-210
Many people object to genetically engineerehd (GE) food because they believe that it is unnatural or that its creation amounts to playing God. These objections are often referred to as intrinsic objections, and they have been widely criticized in the agricultural bioethics literature as being unsound, incompatible with modern science, religious, inchoate, and based on emotion instead of reason. Many of their critics also argue that even if these objections did have some merit as ethicalobjections, their quasi-religious nature means that they are entirely irrelevant when interpreted aspolitical objections regarding what public policy ought to be. In this paper, we argue that this widespread view is false. Intrinsic objections have much more political import than has previously been recognized, and indeed the requirements of political liberalism and its associated idea of liberal neutrality, once properly understood, protect intrinsic objections from many of the most common objections. That is, policy-makers may not legitimately base public policy on grounds that are inconsistent with intrinsic objections, even when they believe those objections to be flawed in the ways mentioned above. This means that in the context of a political debate about GE food, the discussion should not center on the substantive merits of the intrinsic objections themselves but rather on the appropriate political norms for achieving democratically legitimate policy on issues that touch people’s deepest religious and moral beliefs. 相似文献