Uncertainty analysis of a pharmacokinetic modeling for inorganic arsenic

This paper presents an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a pharmacokinetic modeling of inorganic arsenic deposition in rodents for a short‐term exposure. Efforts to develop the pharmacokinetic model are directed towards predicting the kinetic behavior of inorganic arsenic in the body, including tissue and blood concentrations, and especially, the urinary excretion of arsenic and its methylated metabolites. However, the use of the model raises an important question when fixed values of model parameters are used: how is the uncertainty in the model prediction based on the collective uncertainties in the model inputs? This study focuses on an “epistemic”; uncertainty in order to handle this problem. In this case, the uncertainty refers to an input that has a single value which cannot be known with precision due to a lack of knowledge about items or its measurement. The combination of the pharmacokinetic model and the uncertainty analysis would help understand the uncertainties in risk assessment associated with inorganic arsenic.     

Factors influencing sexual cannibalism and its benefit to fecundity and offspring survival in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Sexual cannibalism is hypothesized to have evolved as a way to obtain a high-quality meal, as an extreme mate choice or as a consequence of female aggressive spillover. Here, we examined underlying factors likely to influence sexual cannibalism in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) from China, including mating status, female egg-laid status, female hunger level, female adult age and mate size dimorphism. The results showed that about 10 % of P. pseudoannulata virgin females cannibalized the approaching males before mating and that 28 % of P. pseudoannulata virgin females immediately cannibalized the males after mating. No incidents of sexual cannibalism during copulation were observed. Before mating, previously mated females and starved females tended to engage in significantly higher rates of attacks compared to virgin and well-fed females. Females that had laid egg sacs tended to engage in a significantly higher rate of attacks and sexual cannibalism than virgin females before mating. Regardless of pre- or post-mating, there was a strong positive relationship between mate size dimorphism and the occurrence of sexual cannibalism. We also tested the effects of sexual cannibalism on the fecundity of cannibalistic females and the survival of their offspring. Our results indicated that sexual cannibalism affected positively the offspring survival of cannibalistic females, but not fecundity. Our findings support the hypothesis that sexual cannibalism has evolved as an adaptive component of female foraging strategy and that it benefits offspring survival as a result of paternal investment.     

多米诺事故情景下的区域环境风险评价

将多米诺效应纳入化工区环境风险评价中,采用扩展概率模型和蒙特卡洛模拟的方法计算多米诺事故的概率,运用大气和水扩散模型模拟污染事故的后果,进而利用地理信息系统分析在多米诺事故情景下的区域环境风险水平.结果表明,研究区域67.5%的风险源能引发二次事故,平均每个初始事故引发9.58次二次事故、17.21次三次事故.二次事故情景和三次事故情景下的区域环境风险值分别是一次事故的6.40倍和12.33倍,多米诺效应明显放大了区域环境风险值,应成为今后风险防范的重点.     

采用零价铁-缓释碳修复氯代烃污染地下水的中试研究

针对受氯代烃污染的地下含水层,采用零价铁-缓释碳技术进行修复中试研究。中试期间,向地下9～18 m受氯代烃污染的含水层(体积900 m3)注入7 200 kg零价铁-缓释碳药剂。对地下水中污染物进行定期监测,结果显示:零价铁-缓释碳技术可以高效地将地下含水层中的氯代烃污染物脱氯降解。其中1,2-二氯乙烷的去除率达99.90%以上,1,1-二氯乙烷的去除率达86.00%以上,氯仿的去除率达98.00%以上。在零价铁-缓释碳还原体系存在的条件下,1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1-二氯乙烷和氯仿三种污染物的半衰期分别为46,115,70 d。研究证明:零价铁-缓释碳技术可以高效地修复被氯代烃污染的地下含水层,并且修复期较短,对氯代烃类污染场地地下水的修复有重要的实用价值。     

闽江流域跨界生态补偿量化研究

采用基于污染物通量的流域跨界生态补偿量化的计算方法,并以闽江流域为例,根据2010年闽江流域的情况,估算了流域内的跨行政区(县)水污染生态补偿量.结果表明,生态补偿量反映闽江流域跨行政区(县)水污染特点,上游地区基本上均是接受补偿者,龙岩、三明、宁德、泉州等4地市获得的补偿额分别为1658.52,8067.74,2857.91,877.84万元,中游地区南平市需要支付生态补偿额为8413.82万元,下游地区福州市需要支付生态补偿额为5048.19万元.针对测算结果提出了相应的对策措施:建立多元化的补偿资金筹措渠道,实现政府主导与市场机制相结合的生态补偿模式;在资金补偿的同时加以项目补偿或技术补偿.     

Stereoisomeric profiling of pharmaceuticals ibuprofen and iopromide in wastewater and river water, China

Stereoisomeric compositions can provide insights into sources, fate, and ecological risks of contaminants in the environment. In this study, stereoisomeric profiles of ibuprofen and iopromide were investigated in wastewater and receiving surface water of the Pearl River Delta, south China. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) of ibuprofen was 0.108–0.188 and 0.480, whereas the isomer ratio (IR) of iopromide was 1.426–1.673 and 1.737–1.898 in the influent and final effluent, respectively, suggesting stereoselective degradation occurred for both pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment. Ibuprofen showed enantioselective degradation in the anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic conditions, whereas iopromide displayed isomer-selective degradation only under the aerobic condition. In the river waters, the EF of ibuprofen was 0.130–0.327 and the IR of iopromide was 1.500–2.531. The results suggested that pharmaceuticals in the mainstream Pearl River were mainly from discharge of treated wastewater, whereas in the tributary rivers and urban canals, direct discharge of untreated wastewater represented a significant contribution. The IR of iopromide can be an applicable and efficient tracer for wastewater discharge in the environment.     

城市碳排放的评估方法——影响要素和过程研究

城市碳排放对全球碳循环和气候变化产生了深远的影响。论文在国内外城市碳排放研究基础上,从城市化的碳排放效应、城市碳排放估算和影响要素、碳排放观测、碳循环和碳代谢过程等方面系统归纳总结了碳排放评估方法、要素和过程。评述了Kaya恒等式、LMDI方法、CGE模型、混合分析法、清单编制法、UE模型、FFDAS模型、STIRPAT模型、格网模型、综合分析法(Four-part Methodology)、建筑碳排放模型、物质代谢法、EC碳通量观测等代表性碳排放估算和观测方法。研究焦点正在从宏观模式转向微观机理,从自然、人文单一过程转向人文-自然耦合过程,热点区域从发达国家城市转向发展中国家城市,从单一数据源转向遥感、实验观测等多源数据。基于上述特点,当前研究应从城市公平发展和低碳城市出发,建立城市公共利益能源研究框架,根据城市职能类型和发展水平,综合涡度通量观测、计量模型、生态模型、遥感和GIS技术,构建高精度城市碳排放账户,建立城市代谢存量和流量标准分类系统,发展和完善碳排放估算模型,提高城市碳排放计算结果精度和城市间的可比性。     

Impact of tourism development on land-cover change in a matriarchal community in the Lugu Lake area

Remote sensing was used to assess the impacts of tourism development on temporal land-cover changes in the Lugu Lake region, home to the Mosuo people. The ecological and economic significance of the Lugu Lake area derives from the existence of a unique matriarchal system and the success of tourism development. Temporal land-cover changes between 1990 and 2005 were evaluated using digital interpretation of multitemporal Landsat TM images. Pairwise comparison methods were used to quantify changes in land-cover during three periods: 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2001, and 2001 to 2005. The areas surveyed in each period were 10,226 ha, 7,727 ha and 9,344 ha, respectively. The annual rate of land-cover change for farmland, forest, grassland and wetland were 2.86%, 5.85%, 3.95%, 6.28%, respectively. Farmland and wetland have decreased, whereas forest, grassland and residential areas have increased. The land-cover changes could be explained by the success of tourism development and ecosystem management in Lugu Lake region. The impact of tourism on land cover and the community environment were assessed. The results show that most farmers actively left farms for off-farm jobs and took measures to protect forest, grassland and wetland by developing tourism in the study area. However, construction in residential areas has proceeded in a disorderly fashion. In future, the potential impacts of tourism on the lake ecosystem need to be re-assessed and monitored.     

气相色谱／质谱测定电子垃圾拆解区土壤中四溴双酚A的方法

本研究建立气相色谱/质谱来测定电子垃圾拆解区土壤中四溴双酚 A（TBBPA）的方法。该化合物通过超声波辅助萃取,溶剂选择V（丙酮）﹕V（正己烷）=1﹕1或乙酸乙酯;净化柱选择酸化的氟罗里硅土和无水硫酸钠混合物或CleanertC18-SPE进行净化;净化液浓缩后经衍生反应,衍生试剂选用N,O-双（三甲基硅烷基）三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）和含1%的三甲基氯硅烷（TMCS）。该方法测定电子垃圾拆解区土壤中TBBPA的检出限为（S/N=3）0.1μg·kg^-1加标回收率平均值为92.7%（n=5）,重现性RSD为2.52%（n=5）;线性范围是20～400μg·kg^-1相关系数0.999。该方法用于调查电子垃圾拆解区土壤中四溴双酚A,范围值为5.17～218.00μg·kg^-1其周围农田土壤中四溴双酚A,范围值为0.312～4.170μg·kg^-1     

胚胎期和哺乳期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露致大鼠学习记忆能力下降

为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的发育神经毒性,寻找PFOS发育神经毒性作用的敏感期,利用水迷宫和组织病理切片技术,研究了胚胎期和哺乳期暴露于PFOS后新生大鼠发育情况、学习记忆能力、抓力以及海马组织病理学改变。结果显示：PFOS导致仔鼠发育迟缓,睁眼期延迟。仔鼠出生后体重与对照组相比出现显著性降低。同一PFOS暴露浓度下,胚胎期暴露组体重低于哺乳期暴露组,抓力差异不显著。水迷宫实验结果显示,TT15(胚胎期和哺乳期均暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)和TC15(仅胚胎期暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著高于对照组,且TC15暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著性高于CT15(仅哺乳期暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)暴露组。空间探索实验中,TT15暴露组仔鼠在目标象限的游泳时间显著性低于对照组,其他组无显著性差异。组织病理切片结果显示暴露组海马组织细胞数量减少,出现细胞凋亡现象。结果表明,PFOS造成仔鼠的发育延迟以及学习记忆能力下降的关键作用时期可能是胚胎期。