高含盐废水排放杭州湾数值模拟与排放总量控制研究

我国现有的环境排放标准中,对排放污水中的盐度或总盐量没有进行控制,而国外早已关注高含盐废水排放对环境的影响.国际上目前通行的做法是根据受纳水域实际情况,规定总盐量排放限值.判断高含盐废水是否对环境产生影响,主要依据受纳水域总盐量是否发生明显变化(过高或过低)而定.为准确控制高含盐废水排放,采用远场数学模型与近区稀释扩散模型相结合的方法,对上海市化工区污水处理厂的高含盐废水排放杭州湾的环境影响进行了数值模拟计算研究.结果表明根据杭州湾北部海域不同水期的盐度变化规律和渔业资源现状,确定了含盐废水排放形成的潮平均盐升超过最大允许盐升(丰水期≤3‰,平水期≤2‰,枯水期≤1‰)的范围为高盐水混合区,高盐水混合区面积小于1.5km2;在90%保证率的枯季设计水文条件下,满足化工区排污口高盐水混合区要求的盐量最大允许排放量为15.5万t/d;当化工区排污口分别达到近期、中期、远期规划排放量(5、10、20万t/d)时,满足排污扩散器控制指标(COD)初始稀释能力要求的最大允许排放盐度分别应小于65‰、47‰、40‰,相应的允许总排盐量为3250、4700、8000t/d.     

长江口及毗邻海域水质和生态动力学模型与应用研究

为系统地实施污染控制和生态保护措施,国家环保总局从2005年起组织开展"长江口及毗邻海域碧海行动计划"调查与研究工作.评估行动计划实施效果,开展海域水质和生态动力学模型研究是十分必要的.在长江口及毗邻海域流场、盐度场、温度场和泥沙场模型的基础上建立了二维水质模型,主要模拟指标为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、无机氮、无机磷,通过2005年夏季和秋季实测水质资料进行了模型的验证和率定,确定了污染物的综合降解参数,利用二维水质模型进行设计水文条件下33个概化排污口控制污染物的水质响应系数场的模拟计算,为海域容量计算和总量分配奠定了基础.建立了长江口及毗邻海域三维生态动力学模型,利用三维生态模型对应用水质模型计算得出的总量控制方案进行了校验模拟.结果表明实施全海区功能达标控制方案后,原赤潮易发区叶绿素浓度值显著降低,叶绿素高浓度区域面积基本消失,中高浓度区域的面积也由现状方案约1万km2减少了90%.     

基于弹性理念的城市用地开发战略研究——以上海市宝山区为例

随着市场机制的不断完善,城市土地利用的不确定性需要在战略定位上具备更大的弹性以适应市场的发展。基于弹性理念,在对城市用地开发条件进行辨识的基础上,对土地开发的需求进行了弹性预测,依据人口极限计算出土地弹性需求值域的上下限,确定弹性范围,提出适应社会经济发展需要的用地开发战略目标,并找到将其变为现实的正确途径。在结构上从城市用地开发战略目标的确定、城市用地发展方向的定位以及城市用地模式的选择3个方面,对城市用地开发的战略研究做了深入分析。同时,引入新的思想和方法以及多学科多视角,定性与定量相结合来制定城市用地开发的战略目标。最后,利用上海市宝山区作为实例,对基于弹性理念的城市用地开发战略的研究做了实证分析。     

基于信息熵和数据包络分析的区域土地利用结构评价——以常州市武进区为例

土地利用结构评价是地理学、统计学支撑的区域可持续发展研究的重要课题。旨在运用新的方法和视角评估土地利用结构的合理性。以常州市武进区土地利用结构作为研究对象,以该区的16个乡镇作为评估的单元,研究区独特的区位和土地利用结构为课题研究提供了天然的实验室。在宏观层面上,运用信息熵理论对区域土地利用结构的有序性、均衡度、优势度进行了分析,结果表明常州市武进区土地利用结构有序性具有明显的空间差异,这种差异跟各板块内部社会经济结构有密切关系;在微观层面上,采用数据包络分析方法,结合武进区社会经济等多项指标,从土地利用结构效率角度,指出武进区各乡镇土地利用结构优化调整方向。研究结果表明:基于信息熵和数据包络分析模型的研究方法可有效克服传统的基于多元统计方法的综合评价技术不足的缺点,能够更加全面地反映区域土地利用结构的差异情况。研究表明:在武进区未来发展过程中,政府应加强土地调控,必须以提高技术效率为主线,加大单位面积土地上的技术投入,优化资源投入结构。各级政府在编制土地利用总体规划时,应当将土地利用结构评估作为规划的一项内容,明确各土地资源类型的布局安排、数量指标和质量要求。另外,此评价方法对区域土地利用结构优化研究有一定的参考价值。     

The ecological implications of land use change in the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China

The alpine ecosystems in permafrost regions are extremely sensitive to climate change. The headwater regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are on the permafrost area. Aerial photos of the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow River taken in 1968 and three phases of TM images acquired from 1986, 2000, and 2008 were used to analyze the spatial alterations of the land cover and corresponding effects on the environment guided by landscape ecology theory. Firstly, land cover types were divided into three classes and 11 subclasses. Analysis results revealed the trends and magnitude of the eco-environmental changes in the regions over the past four decades and showed a continuous degradation of grasslands and the extension of desertification and salinization. Secondly, five landscape pattern indices (i.e., NP, MPS, PR, SHEI, CONTAG) commonly used in landscape ecological studies were calculated, and results showed that this region had become more centralized and diversified. Finally, the factors causing the degradation of alpine grasslands were analyzed. The regional climate exhibited a tendency toward significant warming and desiccation with the air temperature increased by 0.03 °C per year and relative stable precipitation over the last 40 years. And the temperature of permafrost in 0–20 cm soil layer obviously raised by 0.2–0.3 °C in the last 40 years. The combined effects of climate warming and permafrost variation were the major drivers for the changes of landscape in alpine ecosystems.     

水华对沉积物中氮的转化和去除的影响

湖泊富营养化和水华暴发已经成为突出的环境问题之一,了解水华对湖泊氮素的转化和去除的影响,对于削减湖泊氮负荷至关重要.本文研究了水华对沉积物中氮转化和氮转化相关功能基因的影响,并采用结构方程模型分析了水华影响湖泊中氮转化和去除的途径.结果表明,与厌氧氨氧化相比,反硝化作用是太湖沉积物氮削减的主要途径,对沉积物中总溶解性氮去除率的解释度为42. 3%.水华可以直接造成沉积物中TDN和TOC量的增加,提高厌氧氨氧化菌、nir S和nir K的基因丰度,并且间接提高沉积物中氨氮和硝酸盐的浓度,通过增强厌氧氨氧化和反硝化过程加速沉积物中氮的去除.     

沉降除藻协同沉积物覆盖对藻华水体甲烷释放的影响

本研究以藻华水体甲烷释放为对象,利用模拟柱培养实验,探究了沉降除藻和沉积物覆盖复合技术对富营养化甲烷释放的影响.结果表明,沉降除藻结合沉积物覆盖处理可有效改善水环境,实现对甲烷释放的控制,但不同覆盖材料的效果存在差异;活性炭效果要优于土壤和沸石.相比于对照体系水体溶解氧(DO)2. 5 mg·L-1和氧化还原电位(ORP)100 m V,沉积物界面ORP -125 m V,沉降除藻协同活性炭覆盖体系中水体DO和ORP分别升高至3. 1 mg·L-1和174 m V,沉积物界面ORP逆转为168 m V,实验期间甲烷释放量相对于对照组减少90. 2%.研究结果在富营养水体甲烷减排方面具有指导性意义.     

Major Forest Types and the Evolution of Sustainable Forestry in China

In this article, we introduce China’s major forest types and discuss the historical development of forest management in China, including actions taken over the last decade toward achieving SMF. Major challenges are identified, and a strategy for SFM implementation in China is presented. China’s forests consist of a wide variety of types with distinctive distributional patterns shaped by complex topography and multiple climate regimes. How to manage this wide array of forest resources has challenged forest managers and policy-makers since the founding of the country. Excessive exploitation of China's forest resources from the 1950s to the late 1990s contributed to environmental problems and calamities, such as floods, soil erosion, and desertification. At the start of the new millennium, the Chinese government decided to shift its emphasis from timber production towards the achievement of sustainable forest management (SFM). With a series of endeavors such as the implementation of the “Six Key Forestry Projects” and the reform of forest tenure policies, and the adoption of a classification system for China's forests, a beginning has been made at reversing the trend of environmental degradation that occurred throughout the latter half of the last century. At the same time, huge challenges remain to be tackled for the development of forestry in China.     

Location set covering for waste resource recycling centers in Taiwan

The efficiency of Taiwan's waste management and resource recycling systems has been well recognized in recent years, but the present model used to locate recycling centers and to assign collection depots to those centers continues to show low efficiency. To address this issue, the study herein suggests implementing a new location-planning and assignment model to reduce the number of existing recycling centers. Such a reduction would reduce the use of land resources. Moreover, the total transportation distance would decrease through the efficient assignment of collection depots to recycling centers. On the basis of results from previous studies, this study proposes a 2-stage location set covering problem-P-median integrated model that obtains exact solutions using heuristic algorithms on the basis of set operations. The results of numerical analyses show that the model introduced in this study is effective in solving the problems stated above as well as in improving the layout of Taiwan's existing recycling centers.     

小井眼双阶梯水平井摩阻分析及降摩阻技术

阶梯水平井作为一种特殊水平井,是开采低渗透、薄油藏的有效途径,然而,针对小井眼双阶梯水平井,由于钻具重量有限,定向滑动钻进过程中,钻压的施加极为困难,直接关系到钻井安全。分析了小井眼双阶梯水平井摩阻产生的原因,形成了以改善接触正压力和摩擦系数为主的小井眼双阶梯水平井降摩阻配套技术,并进行了现场应用。结果表明,通过简化井身结构,增加下部钻具的柔性,改善钻具与井眼之间的间隙,优化井眼轨道类型、靶前位移及造斜率,采用强抑制低摩阻低伤害暂堵钻井液体系等配套技术措施,可降低钻井过程中的摩阻,在确保安全钻井情况下,能有效地提高机械钻速,成功实现地质钻探目的,平均砂岩钻遇率为70.4%,为小井眼双阶梯水平井提供借鉴作用。