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171.
Lithner D Nordensvan I Dave G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(5):1763-1772
Purpose
The large global production of plastics and their presence everywhere in the society and the environment create a need for assessing chemical hazards and risks associated with plastic products. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of five plastics types and to identify the class of compounds that is causing the toxicity.Methods
Selected plastic types were those with the largest global annual production, that is, polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or those composed of hazardous monomers (e.g., PVC, acrylonitrile?Cbutadiene?Cstyrene [ABS], and epoxy). Altogether 26 plastic products were leached in deionized water (3?days at 50°C), and the water phases were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Initial Toxicity Identification Evaluations (C18 filtration and EDTA addition) were performed on six leachates.Results
For eleven leachates (42%) 48-h EC50s (i.e the concentration that causes effect in 50 percent of the test organisms) were below the highest test concentration, 250 g plastic/L. All leachates from plasticized PVC (5/5) and epoxy (5/5) products were toxic (48-h EC50s ranging from 2 to 235?g plastic/L). None of the leachates from polypropylene (5/5), ABS (5/5), and rigid PVC (1/1) products showed toxicity, but one of the five tested HDPE leachates was toxic (48-h EC50 17?C24?g plastic/L). Toxicity Identification Evaluations indicated that mainly hydrophobic organics were causing the toxicity and that metals were the main cause for one leachate (metal release was also confirmed by chemical analysis).Conclusions
Toxic chemicals leached even during the short-term leaching in water, mainly from plasticized PVC and epoxy products. 相似文献172.
By providing companies with a set of analytical tools, the systems approach allows decision makers to achieve the elusive goal of continuous environmental improvement. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
173.
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175.
Regional Environmental Change - Over the past decade, climate change adaptation has become an integral item on the climate policy agendas of several European countries. As such, researchers have... 相似文献
176.
Dave D. White Amber Y. Wutich Kelli L. Larson Tim Lant 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(4):616-630
Model-based decision support systems are increasingly used to link knowledge to action for environmental decision making. How stakeholders perceive uncertainty in models and visualisations affects their perceptions of credibility, relevance and usability of these tools. This paper presents a case study of water decision makers’ evaluations of WaterSim, a dynamic water simulation model presented in an immersive decision theatre environment. Results reveal that decision makers’ understandings of uncertainty in their evaluations of decision support systems reflect both scientific and political discourse. We conclude with recommendations for design and evaluation of decision support systems that incorporate decision makers' views. 相似文献
177.
美国商务部国家标准与技术学会日前发布了PIV卡的最终规范.据悉,所有联邦雇员与承包商在2006年10月27日将全部要求使用此卡. 相似文献
178.
A. J. Plater J. F. Boyle C. Mayers S. D. Turner R. W. Stroud 《Regional Environmental Change》2006,6(1-2):71-85
The limnological record of human impact on catchment land cover and on lake sedimentation during the historical period has
been established for Pinto Lake in Central Coastal California. In addition, the sedimentary record of the ‘pre-impact’ condition
preserves evidence of a climatic control on the nature of lake sedimentation. Chronological marker horizons have been determined
using pollen data in combination with the documented land-use history and introductions of exotic species. Further chronological
data have been determined using 14C and 137Cs. The impact of Mexican and Euro-American immigrants and their ‘imported’ land-use practices is clearly reflected in an
order of magnitude increase in the rate of lake sedimentation to c. 9 kg m−2 year−1 (c. 2 cm year−1) between 1770 and 1850. Here, the occurrence of exotic plant species indicates disturbance as early as c. 1769–1797, whilst
redwood deforestation between 1844 and 1860 represents the most significant human impact. Changes in the nature of sedimentation
prior to this reveal a high degree of sensitivity to changes in precipitation where subtle decreases in lake level and the
supply of runoff-derived mineral matter have resulted in two periods of organic lake sedimentation c. 650–900 and 1275–1750. Set against this background condition of high sensitivity, the dramatic impacts of Euro-American settlement
are unsurprising.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
179.
Dave Owen 《Conservation biology》2008,22(6):1664-1666
180.
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is shown as an effective, inexpensive, reliable, and less time consuming technique for simple and effective monitoring of persistent toxicant-like DDT in its manufacturing plant effluent. Aqueous untreated and treated grab and composit effluent samples were collected, extracted with a solvent and concentrated and chromatographed both for qualitative and quantitative analysis for p, p′-DDT and related compounds. This technique was successful and can form an effective, inexpensive method to be used by the developing countries, which have limited financial resources. 相似文献