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51.
Calculations have been made to determine the γ-ray absorbed dose rate in air above different types of rock using a single group radiation attenuation model. The results obtained are then compared with dose rates measured with a compensated environmental Geiger-Muller counter. The measurements were made above granite, slate, and dolerite and also on alluvium overlying granite. The comparison shows good agreement between measured and calculated dose rates taking into account the limitations inherent in both the calculations and measurements. 相似文献
52.
Valuing water quality in China: purpose, approach and policy 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
1 Introduction:heavygrowthandlightregulation(theTVIEsector)InChina,asinmanyrapidlydevelopingcountries,therearerapidchangesintheenvironmentoccurring.ThecaseofwaterqualityisanimportantoneasChina○swaterqualityhasdeterioratedsignificantlysince1980underth… 相似文献
53.
Malm WC Day DE Kreidenweis SM 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2000,50(5):686-700
The Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS) was undertaken to characterize the size-dependent composition, thermodynamic properties, and optical characteristics of the ambient atmospheric particles in the southeastern United States. The field portion of the study was carried out from July 15 to August 25, 1995. As part of the study a relative humidity controlled inlet was built to raise or lower the relative humidity to predetermined levels before the aerosol was passed into an integrating nephelometer or particle-sizing device. Five other integrating nephelometers were operated in various configurations, two of which were fitted with a 2.5 microns inlet. Fine particle (< 2.5 microns) samplers were operated to measure concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions, organic and elemental carbon, and fine soil. Mass size distributions were measured with an eight-stage, single orifice cascade impactor. Four different strategies for estimating scattering were used. First, an externally mixed model with constant specific scattering coefficients, sulfate ion mass interpreted as ammonium bisulfate, and ammonium bisulfate growth as a function of relative humidity, is assumed. Second, an externally mixed aerosol model, assuming constant dry specific scattering but with sulfate ammoniation and associated composition-dependent hygroscopicity explicitly accounted for, is used. Third, an externally mixed aerosol model, but with sulfate ammoniation, associated growth as a function of relative humidity, and sulfate size distributions, is applied. Fourth, an internally mixed aerosol model with measured sulfur size distributions and estimated size distributions for other species is used with the growth characteristics of the mixture being estimated using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) assumptions. Only ionic species were considered to be hygroscopic. The second, third, and fourth approaches yield similar results with reconstructed scattering comparing quite favorably with measured scattering. Accounting for sulfate ammoniation and associated water uptake was the most important detail in achieving closure between measurements and modeled scattering. In general, differences between estimated scattering, assuming internally or externally mixed models, was small. These same models were used to estimate wet to dry scattering ratios. The R2 for an ordinary least-squares regression between measured and predicted ratios was high (0.71-0.92), and in most cases the scattering ratio was insensitive to modeling assumptions. However, during some sample periods differences between predicted scattering ratios for the different modeling assumptions were as high as 30%. 相似文献
54.
Polymerase chain reaction and direct comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences from a cytochrome b gene fragment were used to identify two morphologically distinct larval types ofXyrichtys, a genus of tropical wrasse (Pisces: Labridae). Both larval types were collected during ichthyoplankton surveys on the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf in the summer of 1988. DNA sequence comparisons indicated that both types were larvae ofXyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus). Back-calculated birthdate distributions for those larvae collected on the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf demonstrated that the two larval types formed two distinct cohorts indicating a biological difference. The two distinct larval types may be a consequence of an ecophenotypic effect, or they may represent offspring from genetically distinct populations. These results emphasize that important biological and oceanographic information can be gained through the use of the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing for larval identificaiton. 相似文献
55.
Nicholas A. O. Hill Dilys Roe J. Marcus Rowcliffe Noëlle F. Kümpel Mike Day Francesca Booker E. J. Milner‐Gulland 《Conservation biology》2016,30(1):7-13
Alternative livelihood project (ALP) is a widely used term for interventions that aim to reduce the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by substituting them with lower impact livelihood activities that provide at least equivalent benefits. ALPs are widely implemented in conservation, but in 2012, an International Union for Conservation of Nature resolution called for a critical review of such projects based on concern that their effectiveness was unproven. We focused on the conceptual design of ALPs by considering their underlying assumptions. We placed ALPs within a broad category of livelihood‐focused interventions to better understand their role in conservation and their intended impacts. We dissected 3 flawed assumptions about ALPs based on the notions of substitution, the homogenous community, and impact scalability. Interventions based on flawed assumptions about people's needs, aspirations, and the factors that influence livelihood choice are unlikely to achieve conservation objectives. We therefore recommend use of a sustainable livelihoods approach to understand the role and function of environmentally damaging behaviors within livelihood strategies; differentiate between households in a community that have the greatest environmental impact and those most vulnerable to resource access restrictions to improve intervention targeting; and learn more about the social–ecological system within which household livelihood strategies are embedded. Rather than using livelihood‐focused interventions as a direct behavior‐change tool, it may be more appropriate to focus on either enhancing the existing livelihood strategies of those most vulnerable to conservation‐imposed resource access restrictions or on use of livelihood‐focused interventions that establish a clear link to conservation as a means of building good community relations. However, we recommend that the term ALP be replaced by the broader term livelihood‐focused intervention. This avoids the implicit assumption that alternatives can fully substitute for natural resource‐based livelihood activities. 相似文献
56.
Douglas A. Day Shang Liu Lynn M. Russell Paul J. Ziemann 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(16):1970-1979
During wintertime measurements in coastal southern California, organonitrate groups accounted for up to 10% of organic mass (OM) in submicron particles. In this study, we report the calibrated absorptivity, the uncertainties in the calibrations, the detection limits for 12 and 24 h ambient sampling, and the multipeak retrieval algorithm for the method developed. Organonitrate groups were observed when both submicron particle-phase nitrate and OM concentrations exceeded 1 μg m?3. These high concentrations were associated with a mixed urban fossil fuel combustion source type that had potential source regions near Riverside and the South Coast Air Basin. The high frequency of these organonitrate observations contrasts with a number of studies of aerosol particles in other regions with more humid conditions, in which organonitrate groups were not detected and submicron sulfate concentrations exceeded those of nitrate. Our results suggest both that organonitrates form and/or exist in significant concentrations during polluted urban conditions and that their lifetime may be limited by hydrolysis in the particle phase. 相似文献
57.
Glycerine supply currently exceeds its demand by a significant margin as it is formed as by-product in biodiesel production. Different routes for its utilisation are currently being looked into, especially ones that would allow its use as a fuel addition. However these routes are not as energy efficient as its direct combustion.Previously glycerine and other very low cetane number calorific liquids were thought impossible to be used as fuels in compression ignition engines. We have developed a combustion cycle that permits the utilisation of glycerine as a fuel in a compression ignition engine without the need for pilot fuels or cetane improving additives. The paper discusses the results of glycerine combustion in standard unmodified Lister-Petter and Deutz compression ignition engines. 相似文献
58.
59.
Day L 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(6):1989-1996
On-site septic systems require appropriate soil characteristics to provide effective wastewater treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate siting practices and treatment efficacy of on-site septic systems within the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed (115900 ha) in the state of New York. Using digital soil survey data, a database of on-site conditions was developed from more than 1100 existing septic system siting records. Soil map units were grouped into four classes based on their suitability to meet common septic system design criteria. A geographic information system was found to be a useful tool for assessment and visual display of septic system and landscape information. Geographic information system analysis indicated that while 80% of soils in the watershed were found to have characteristics that interfere with septic system function, 69% of septic systems installed were of designs suited for soils with no or few restrictive parameters. Since the designs of many septic systems have relied heavily on horizontal distance to streams (mean = 130 m) to provide adequate treatment, potential failures would lead to discharge of compounds of environmental concern, such as phosphorus, with public health implications. The results imply that many septic systems functioning in the watershed are in need of design improvements. 相似文献
60.
M. Day K. Shaw D. Cooney J. Watts B. Harrigan 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1997,5(3):137-151
The degradability of several degradable polymers was examined using three types of degradation environments. These include
exposure in a laboratory-scale composting test system containing material representative of the organic fraction of municipal
solid waste (MSW), exposure in a thermal hydrolytic environment consisting of water at 60‡C, and exposure in a thermal-oxidative,
dry oven environment of 60‡C. The results of the investigation clearly indicate that, in addition to chemical and biological
activity which can lead to polymer degradation, physical restructuring and reorganization of the macromolecular structure
may also occur at temperatures typically found in a compost environment, resulting in changes in the mechanical properties
of the polymer films. In the case of the polyethylene-modified polymers evaluated in this study, all behaved similarly, but
differently from the other polymer types. The polyethylene-based films appeared to be susceptible to oxidative degradation
and should degrade in a composting environment providing that there is sufficient air in contact with the film for a sufficient
period of time. However, when exposed in a laboratory composter, it appears that although ideal temperature-time curves may
be obtained, the test time period was insufficient in comparison to the induction period required to achieve the desired thermal
oxidative degradation.
Issued as NRCC No. 37620. 相似文献