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301.
Degradation of landfill leachate using transpiring-wall supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) reactor
Oxidation of landfill leachate wastewater was studied in a transpiring-wall SCWO reactor, operated under varied temperature and pressure 320–430 °C, 18–30 MPa. Effect of temperature and pressure on COD and BOD removal efficiency was investigated. COD and BOD removal efficiency being 99.23%, 98.06% were achieved at 430 °C, 30 MPa, which increased with temperature and pressure. The modified pseudo first-order rate model was regressed from experimental data, taking into account the induction time (tind) effect. The resulting pre-exponential factor A and activation energy Ea were 34.86 s?1 and 32.1 kJ mol?1, respectively, assuming that the reaction order for feed wastewater (based on COD) and oxidant were first order and zero order, respectively. 相似文献
302.
Mileage-based pricing insurance,such as PAYD,is known as the"green insurance"because it is low-carbon and environmentally effective,which is the biggest innovation in the global auto insurance industry seen in the past decade.Starting from the perspective of economic externalities,vehicle negative externalities in China are described.In order to introduce mileage-based pricing insurance to the Chinese insurance industry,this paper reviews the current practice of PAYD insurance and its impacts on transport externalities,including air pollution,climate change,energy dependency,congestion,accidents,and others.Finally,enlightenment and policy suggestions are proposed,in the hope of better promoting the low-carbon economy development over the whole of China. 相似文献
303.
Abstract Urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development is the effective way of harmonizing urban-rural relationship and promoting urban-rural development. However, there are differences in the level of urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development of China. How to measure and reflect the difference properly is a decision-making foundation for optimizing urban-rural development of different regions. The paper employs multiple methods to evaluate and order the urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development of 31 provinces (municipalities) in China. Kendall's W consistency coefficient is employed to give a consistent test for the evaluation result series, and the results of multiple methods are aggregated as the final evaluation value. The results reflect the level of regional urban-rural interaction and conjunctional development in China. 相似文献
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306.
Characteristics of inhalable particulate matter concentration and size distribution from power plants in China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Yi H Hao J Duan L Li X Guo X 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(9):1243-1251
In this investigation, the collection efficiency of particulate emission control devices (PECDs), particulate matter (PM) emissions, and PM size distribution were determined experimentally at the inlet and outlet of PECDs at five coal-fired power plants. Different boilers, coals, and PECDs are used in these power plants. Measurement in situ was performed by an electrical low-pressure impactor with a sampling system, which consisted of an isokinetic sampler probe, precut cyclone, and two-stage dilution system with a sample line to the instruments. The size distribution was measured over a range from 0.03 to 10 microm. Before and after all of the PECDs, the particle number size distributions display a bimodal distribution. The PM2.5 fraction emitted to atmosphere includes a significant amount of the mass from the coarse particle mode. The controlled and uncontrolled emission factors of total PM, inhalable PM (PM10), and fine PM P(M2.5) were obtained. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and baghouse total collection efficiencies are 96.38-99.89% and 99.94%, respectively. The minimum collection efficiency of the ESP and the baghouse both appear in the particle size range of 0.1-1 microm. In this size range, ESP and baghouse collection efficiencies are 85.79-98.6% and 99.54%. Real-time measurement shows that the mass and number concentration of PM10 will be greatly affected by the operating conditions of the PECDs. The number of emitted particles increases with increasing boiler load level because of higher combustion temperature. During test run periods, the data reproducibility is satisfactory. 相似文献
307.
The effect of ageing on the bioaccessibility and fractionation of cadmium in some typical soils of China 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Ingestion of contaminated soil has been recognized as an important exposure pathway of cadmium (Cd) for humans, especially for children through outdoor hand-to-mouth activities. The effect of ageing process following the input of Cd into soil on the bioaccessibility of Cd in five typical soils of China was investigated using physiologically based in vitro test in this study. A sequential extraction procedure was employed with attempt to identify the bioaccessible fraction(s) of Cd in soils. The bioaccessibility of Cd in strongly acidic (approximately pH 4.5) soils reached nearly steady levels (76.5-76.9% and 52.0-52.6% in the gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively) after a sharp decline in the first week of ageing. In contrast, the bioaccessibility of Cd in higher pH (>6.0) soils was found to be much lower (53.3-72.7% and 29.9-43.4% in gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively) and took 2 weeks of ageing to reach steady levels. The freshly spiked Cd was more labile than native Cd. The main proportion of spiked Cd was found in exchangeable Cd which was higher in strongly acidic soils (68.6-71.8%) than in higher pH soils (53.4-61.4%) at day 120 after a sharp decline to the nearly steady state in the first 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. Significant correlations between Cd bioaccessibility and either water soluble and exchangeable Cd individually, or the sum of water soluble and exchangeable Cd throughout the incubation period for all soils, indicate that these forms of Cd are likely to constitute the main proportion of bioaccessible Cd in soils. 相似文献
308.
通过南方冰冻灾害对应急对策的几点思考 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文从2008年中国南方冰雪灾害引发的社会现象中总结防灾减灾管理工作中的不足,采用灾害链的研究方法,对规划设计、长周期气象灾害、现代化发展过程中的传统手段备份、应急机制、灾害信息披露等方面,提出一些原则性的建议。 相似文献
309.
310.
Xionghui Qiu Lei Duan Siyi Cai Qian Yu Shuxiao Wang Fahe Chai Jian Gao Yanping Li Zhaoming Xu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(7):383-390
The nationalAirPollutionPreventionandControlActionPlanrequiredsignificant decreases inPM2.5 levels overChina.Toexploremoreeffectiveemissionabatement strategies inindustrialcities,acasestudywasconductedinBaotoutoevaluatethecurrent
national controlmeasures.ThetotalemissionsofSO2, NOX, PM2.5 and NMVOC (non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds)inBaotouwere211.2Gg,156.1Gg,28.8Gg, and 48.5Gg,respectivelyin2013,andtheywouldexperienceareductionof30.4%,26.6%, 15.1%, and8.7%,respectivelyin2017and39.0%,32.0%,24.4%,and12.9%,respectivelyin 2020. TheSO2, NOX and PM2.5 emissionsfromtheindustrialsectorwouldexperiencea greater decrease,withreductionsof37%,32.7and24.3%,respectively.From2013to2020, the concentrationsofSO2, NO2, andPM2.5 are expectedtodeclinebyapproximately30%, 10% and14.5%,respectively.ThereductionrateofSNA(sulfate,nitrateandammonium) concentrationswassignificantlyhigherthanthatofPM2.5 in 2017,implyingthatthecurrent key strategytowardcontrollingairpollutantsfromtheindustrialsectorismorepowerful for SNA.Althoughairpollutioncontrolmeasuresimplementedintheindustrialsector could greatlyreducetotalemissions,constrainingtheemissionsfromlowersourcessuch as residentialcoalcombustionwouldbemoreeffectiveindecreasingtheconcentrationof PM2.5 from 2017to2020.Theseresultssuggestthatevenforatypicalindustrialcity,the reduction ofPM2.5 concentrationsnotonlyrequiresdecreasesinemissionsfromthe industrial sector,butalsofromthelowemissionsources.Theseasonalvariationinsulfate concentrationalsoshowedthatemissionfromcoal-burningisthekeyfactortocontrol during theheatingseason. 相似文献