高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热研究

目的获得高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热机理。方法通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法,针对典型高超声速带翼飞行器开展飞行马赫数为15条件下的射流干扰热环境规律研究,分析无射流翼前缘气动加热特性,确定热流严酷射流开孔区域,分别在翼前缘激波干扰及翼后段布置射流孔,并设计射流流动参数,开展射流总压与来流总压比率在0.002～0.02范围内的流场仿真计算,获得局部流动及表面热流分布特性,针对计算结果进行对比分析。结果随着总压比率逐渐增大,激波干扰以及机翼后段射流孔区域热流均显著降低,降幅达76%～99%。翼中段无射流典型位置总压比率为0.002时热流增高,增幅为11%～24%,随着射流总压增大热流降低,降幅达68%～86%。高射流总压比率局部射流孔前热流增大2倍以上。结论射流影响下降热机理是射流将高温气体推离壁面,局部表面热流显著降低。低射流总压比率亚音速射流作用区域向下游延伸距离短,不会引起局部再附热流增大。高射流总压比率音速射流降热影响向下游明显延伸,增强射流强度可以增加延伸区长度,同时会诱导局部射流孔前再附热流显著增大。     

Catalytic activity of porous manganese oxides for benzene oxidation improved via citric acid solution combustion synthesis

Various manganese oxides (MnO_x) prepared via citric acid solution combustion synthesis were applied for catalytic oxidation of benzene. The results showed the ratios of citric acid/manganese nitrate in synthesizing process positively affected the physicochemical properties of MnO_x, e.g., BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area, porous structure, reducibility and so on, which were in close relationship with their catalytic performance. Of all the catalysts, the sample prepared at a citric acid/manganese nitrate ratio of 2:1 (C2M1) displayed the best catalytic activity with T₉₀ (the temperature when 90% of benzene was catalytically oxidized) of 212℃. Further investigation showed that C2M1 was Mn₂O₃ with abundant nano-pores, the largest surface area and the proper ratio of surface Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺, resulting in preferable low-temperature reducibility and abundant surface active adsorbed oxygen species. The analysis results of the in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (in-situ FTIR) revealed that the benzene was successively oxidized to phenolate, o-benzoquinone, small molecules (such as maleates, acetates, and vinyl), and finally transformed to CO₂ and H₂O.     

炭材料强化污泥电脱水效果及同步燃料化处理

为研究炭材料调理对污泥电脱水性能及泥饼可燃性的影响,使用改性前后的活性炭和石墨对污泥进行预调理,对调理后的污泥进行电脱水实验,深入解析了炭材料调理前后污泥电脱水行为及泥饼可燃性的变化.研究表明：经炭材料调理后的污泥,阴极电脱水速率提升,相较于其他3种炭材料,石墨调理后的阴极电脱水速率提升最为明显,石墨的投加量5% TSS时,阴极平均脱水速率从0.074g/L上升到0.095g/L.炭材料可以提高污泥体系的电导性和污泥絮体的电泳淌度,使得阴极泥饼孔容有上升的趋势,阴极泥饼孔容从未投加炭材料时的0.1147cm³/g增加到AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、石墨的投加量为20% TSS时的0.119、0.122、0.146、0.157cm³/g;此外,炭材料加入后阴阳两极滤液中溶解有机物DOM和蛋白质组分浓度降低,可以缓解滤布堵塞;污泥电脱水过程中经炭材料调理后可以降低脱离每单位水所需要的能耗,未投加炭材料时去除每单位水所需能耗为6.75kW·h/kg_去除水,而当AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、石墨的投加量为20% TSS时,能耗分别降低到5.64、5.22、5.20、5.11kW·h/kg_去除水,且泥饼含水率从未投加炭材料时的58%降低至45%,固炭量增加,提高了泥饼的热值和可持续燃烧时间,当石墨的投加量为20% g/gTSS时,泥饼热值提高了17%.有利于后续焚烧资源化利用.     

Fluorescence regional integration and differential fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of structural characteristics and proton binding properties of fulvic acid sub-fractions

Structural characteristics and proton binding properties of sub-fractions (FA3–FA13) of fulvic acid (FA), eluted stepwise by pyrophosphate buffer were examined by use of fluorescence titration combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and differential fluorescence spectroscopy (DFS). Humic-like (H-L) and fulvic-like (F-L) materials, which accounted for more than 80% of fluorescence response, were dominant in five sub-fractions of FA. Based on FRI analysis, except the response of F-L materials in FA9 and FA13, maximum changes in percent fluorescence response were less than 10% as pH was increased from 2.5 to 11.5. Contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups were compared for fluorescence peaks of FA sub-fractions based on pH-dependent fluorescence derived from DFS. Static quenching was the dominant mechanism for binding of protons by FA sub-fractions. Dissociation constants (pKa) were calculated by use of results of DFS and the modified Stern-Volmer relationship. The pKa of H-L, F-L, tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like materials of FA sub-fractions exhibited ranges of 3.17–4.06, 3.12–3.97, 4.14–4.45 and 4.25–4.76, respectively, for acidic pHs. At basic pHs, values of pKa for corresponding materials were in ranges of 9.71–10.24, 9.62–10.99, 9.67–10.31 and 9.33–10.28, respectively. At acidic pH, protein-like (P-L) materials had greater affinities for protons than did either H-L or F-L materials. The di-carboxylic and phenolic groups were likely predominant sites of protonation for both H-L and F-L materials at both acidic and basic pHs. Amino acid groups were significant factors during proton binding to protein-like materials of FA sub-fractions at basic pH.     

两种含氨基β-环糊精衍生物对萘和蒽的光催化降解作用

为进一步探讨含氨基β-CD(β-环糊精)衍生物对PAHs(多环芳烃)的光催化降解机理,合成了两种含氨基β-CD衍生物——ACD(氨基-β-CD)和EDCD(乙二胺-β-CD),并研究了其对溶液中萘和蒽的包合作用及光催化降解作用.结果表明:β-CD、ACD、EDCD对萘和蒽的包合能力分别为76.3和251 L/mol、111和394 L/mol、191和427 L/mol,由于β-CD亲水外缘极性基团的引入,使得其疏水空腔内部的水分子具有更高的能量,易移出,易被PAHs分子取代,因此ACD和EDCD的包合能力有所增强;对萘和蒽光敏化作用的大小表现为ACD＞EDCD＞β-CD,在溶液中分别加入3 g/L的β-CD、ACD和EDCD后,萘和蒽的光解率分别提高了40.0%～50.9%和44.3%～104%.研究显示:由于光解过程中含氨基β-CD疏水空腔对三重态PAHs起到了包合保护作用,导致三重态PAHs与三重态氧分子碰撞及产生高活性单重态氧的几率增加,包合作用越大光催化降解能力越强;但是ACD和EDCD的氨基会对三重态氧分子进攻三重态PAHs产生阻碍作用,导致光催化降解效率降低.      

Experimental investigation of ash deposits on convection heating surfaces of a circulating fluidized bed municipal solid waste incinerator

Incineration of municipal solid waste(MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction, as well as a source of renewable energy.During MSW combustion, increased formation of deposits on convection heating exchanger surfaces can pose severe operational problems, such as fouling, slagging and corrosion.These problems can cause lower heat transfer efficiency from the hot flue gas to the working fluid inside the tubes. A study was performed where experiments were carried out to examine the ash deposition characteristics in a full-scale MSW circulating fluidized bed(CFB) incinerator, using a newly designed deposit probe that was fitted with six thermocouples and four removable half rings. The influence of probe exposure time and probe surface temperature(500, 560, and 700℃) on ash deposit formation rate was investigated. The results indicate that the deposition mass and collection efficiency achieve a minimum at the probe surface temperature of 560℃. Ash particles are deposited on both the windward and leeward sides of the probe by impacting and thermophoretic/condensation behavior. The major inorganic elements present in the ash deposits are Ca,Al and Si. Compared to ash deposits formed on the leeward side of the probe,windward-side ash deposits contain relatively higher Ca and S concentrations, but lower levels of Al and Si. Among all cases at different surface temperatures, the differences in elemental composition of the ash deposits from the leeward side are insignificant.However, as the surface temperature increases, the concentrations of Al, Si, K and Na in the windward-side ash deposits increase, but the Ca concentration is reduced. Finally,governing mechanisms are proposed on the basis of the experimental data, such as deposit morphology, elemental composition and thermodynamic calculations.     

石油污染土壤微生物修复过程中植物毒性变化规律

植物幼苗生长发育和叶片的生化指标能综合反映土壤石油污染的程度及其生态毒性的强弱.为探究植物对石油污染土壤生态毒性的指示效果和污染土壤在生物修复过程中毒性的变化规律,本研究采用3株对石油烃具有良好降解效果的降解菌构建混合菌体系,开展石油污染土壤模拟微生物修复实验.文章考察了5种典型植物指示不同修复时期土壤生态毒性强弱的可行性与敏感性,并进一步从生态学角度揭示修复过程中石油污染土壤生态毒性的变化规律.结果表明,小麦和萝卜相对于莴苣、黑麦草和小青菜而言,更适宜作为石油污染土壤的指示生物.石油污染土壤的生态毒性随着微生物修复过程的进行呈先上升后下降的趋势,石油污染土壤生态毒性在修复的第8 d达到最大.不同的供试植物对石油污染的响应存在一定的差异.小麦和萝卜的生长发育指标能较为敏感地指示石油污染土壤在微生物修复过程中的生态毒性,可作为石油污染土壤微生物修复效果的指示生物.     

Historical record of effects of human activities on absolute and relative concentrations of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Chao, China

正Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are attracting concern because of their potential toxicity,posing serious threats to health of humans and ecosystems(Kim et al.,2013;Zhao et al.,2016).Generally,similar to other contaminants'behaviors(Wu et al.,2001;Zhang et al.,2007,2008;Lu et al.,2009),PAHs result from natural organic matter and activities of humans,the latter's contribution usually outweighing the inputs from other sources(Fernández et al.,2000;Srogi,2007).     

石油污染土壤的原位生物修复技术和多种土壤改良剂应用研究

土壤中的石油污染是一类严重的环境危害.针对石油污染的土壤修复技术有物理法、化学法和生物法.其中原位生物修复法由于简易性和生态可持续等优点成为了具有前景的一个发展方向.土壤改良剂的选取和添加是原位生物修复法中重要的一个部分,对生物修复的改进起到了至关重要的作用.土壤改良剂的种类有无机改良剂、有机改良剂和吸附性改良剂.以N、P、K为主的无机改良剂主要为生物生长提供营养元素;有机改良剂则可提高石油污染物流动性,提供生物碳源;吸附改良剂则通过吸附污染物,减少毒性,提供生物生长依附.通过对不同种类改良剂的分析和讨论,可为生物修复发展提供进一步的理论基础.     

森林旅游资源开发潜力定量评价研究--以武汉市为例

森林旅游资源定量评价是为发展森林旅游提供更为可靠的依据。研究了森林旅游资源开发潜力的定量方法，对武汉市森林旅游资源开发潜力进行了定量评价，得出了武汉市森林旅游资源的质量等级，为森林旅游的开发提供了可靠的依据。