基于复杂地形的高斯烟羽模型改进

针对复杂地形条件下化工行业气体泄漏的污染扩散难以预测的问题,基于传统大气扩散的高斯烟羽模型结合空间插值对原有算法进行了改进。以研究区的数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,采用C#语言和ArcGIS Engine作为开发工具实现了复杂地形条件下的污染扩散模拟的可视化表达。通过分析不同参数条件下的大气扩散影响,发现地形起伏明显影响地表气体扩散浓度值。相较于传统研究方法,此模拟结果更符合实际大气扩散规律。     

微波超声协同处理废弃印刷线路板中非金属

在相对温和的密闭水相环境中对废印刷线路板中非金属粉末的超声微波协同降解进行了研究。考察了单水热,单微波、单超声及微波超声协同作用下,温度、时间对非金属降解特性的影响。通过对初始物料、固相产物和液相产物的分析初步讨论了超声微波协同作用对废印刷线路板非金属的降解效果。结果表明,在200℃到280℃温度范围内,超声微波协同作用下,非金属中有机组分的降解率可以达到74.11%,固相产物主要是纯度较高的玻璃纤维,液相有机产物主要是苯酚类物质。     

Use of a novel biomarker,botryococcane, to monitor biodegradation of two lacustrine‐sourced crude oils

Bioremediation is a proven alternative for remediating petroleum‐impacted soils at exploration and production (E&P) sites. Monitoring remediation performance can involve detection and quantification of biodegradation resistant compounds such as C₃₀17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane, which requires the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). Due to the remoteness of many E&P sites, this technology is not always available, and alternative methods are needed to provide reliable quantitative measurements of petroleum remediation efficiency. This study provides a detailed chemical characterization of lacustrine‐sourced crude oils and a technical basis for measuring the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts for soil impacted by those crudes. We show that the novel isoprenoid hydrocarbon botryococcane is relatively stable in lacustrine‐sourced crude oils compared with C₃₀17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane under moderate biodegradation conditions generally observed in field samples. We have also demonstrated that, due to the stability and relatively elevated concentration of botryococcane in lacustrine oils, it can be reliably measured using the more cost‐effective and available GC/FID methodology, and thereby be used to monitor the progress of ongoing soil bioremediation activities at remote sites.     

The potential effects of climate change on the distribution and productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata in China

Climate changes may have immediate implications for forest productivity and may produce dramatic shifts in tree species distributions in the future. Quantifying these implications is significant for both scientists and managers. Cunninghamia lanceolata is an important coniferous timber species due to its fast growth and wide distribution in China. This paper proposes a methodology aiming at enhancing the distribution and productivity of C. lanceolata against a background of climate change. First, we simulated the potential distributions and establishment probabilities of C. lanceolata based on a species distribution model. Second, a process-based model, the PnET-II model, was calibrated and its parameterization of water balance improved. Finally, the improved PnET-II model was used to simulate the net primary productivity (NPP) of C. lanceolata. The simulated NPP and potential distribution were combined to produce an integrated indicator, the estimated total NPP, which serves to comprehensively characterize the productivity of the forest under climate change. The results of the analysis showed that (1) the distribution of C. lanceolata will increase in central China, but the mean probability of establishment will decrease in the 2050s; (2) the PnET-II model was improved, calibrated, and successfully validated for the simulation of the NPP of C. lanceolata in China; and (3) all scenarios predicted a reduction in total NPP in the 2050s, with a markedly lower reduction under the a2 scenario than under the b2 scenario. The changes in NPP suggested that forest productivity will show a large decrease in southern China and a mild increase in central China. All of these findings could improve our understanding of the impact of climate change on forest ecosystem structure and function and could provide a basis for policy-makers to apply adaptive measures and overcome the unfavorable influences of climate change.     

Comparative study of the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts in UV/persulfate and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes in the presence of bromide

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The objective of this research was to compare the transformation of Br? and formation of brominated byproducts in UV/persulfate (PS) and UV/H2O2...     

内循环UASB中微生物群落多样性分析研究

应用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chajn reaction,PCR)结合变形梯度凝胶电泳(denature gadient gel elecophoresis,DGGE)技术对内循环UASB反应器内活性污泥的微生物多样性进行分析。通过OMEGA试剂盒的方式提取活性污泥中微生物的基因组DNA,以细菌通用引物进行16S rDNA基因V3高变异区域PCR扩增,再将PCR产物(约200bp)进行变性梯度凝胶电泳分离(变形梯度为30%⁶0%),从而获得表征污泥样中微生物群落特征的DNA指纹图谱。借助Quantity One软件对不同污泥样进行多样性分析。研究表明,内循环UASB反应器内不同取样口取得的活性污泥虽有着共同的和不同的微生物种属,但DGGE图谱中多为共同带,少有特征带,污泥样品间的相似性很高、微生物群落多样性基本一致。反应器内污泥混合均匀、微生物种类丰富,反应器运行稳定且有很强的抗冲击能力。     

磷酸盐共存对MOF-Fe吸附亚硒酸盐的影响

通过系列吸附实验,研究了磷酸盐(Pi)共存对MOF-Fe吸附亚硒酸盐(Se(Ⅳ))的影响.结果表明,不加Pi的吸附体系(Pi/Se=0)中,Langmuir和Freundlich模型对MOF-Fe等温吸附Se(Ⅳ)的数据的拟合度都较高;体系中加入与Se(Ⅳ)等物质的量浓度的Pi(Pi/Se=1)以后,等温吸附过程只适合用Freundlich模型拟合.与Pi/Se=0体系相比,Pi/Se=1体系中MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的最大吸附容量降低了68%,而吸附亲和力和吸附异质性却明显增强.Pi/Se=0和1的两种体系中,MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附平衡时间分别为160 min和40 min,二级动力学方程可很好地描述两种体系的动力学吸附过程,液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散是吸附反应的主要速率控制因子.两种体系中,MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的平衡吸附量均随着温度的升高而降低,吸附均属于自发放热且有序度降低的过程.与Pi/Se=0体系相比,Pi/Se=1体系中MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的平衡吸附量受温度影响更为明显,这说明升高温度增强了Pi对Se(Ⅳ)吸附在MOF-Fe上的竞争强度;Pi/Se=1体系中MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附自由能ΔG~θ略微增大,而焓变ΔH~θ和熵变ΔS~θ均明显减小,这说明Pi共存导致MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的化学吸附贡献增强.吸附体系pH从4.0升高至8.0时,Pi/Se=0和1体系中MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的平衡吸附量分别降低了7%和37%.当增大体系中Pi的浓度时,MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的平衡吸附量呈指数模型降低并稳定于最大吸附量的30%,这表明MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附中约70%的比例可归属为可逆吸附.可见,Pi/Se=1体系中MOF-Fe对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附可分为可逆和不可逆吸附,其中,可逆吸附受Pi的竞争作用影响而明显降低,不可逆吸附则不受共存Pi的影响.     

典型地区大气新型卤代阻燃剂污染特征、来源分析及人体暴露

利用大流量主动采样器采集了广州市天河区（23°08''56" N,113°21''30" E）和五指山国家自然保护区（18°54''02" N,109°41''24" E）两个典型地区的大气气相和颗粒相样品,测定了8种新型卤代阻燃剂（new halogenated flame retardants,NHFRs）的浓度,包括syn-DP、anti-DP、TBPH、PBEB、HBB、TBE、TBB、DBDPE.结果表明,广州大气中∑NHFRs平均浓度（335 pg·m^-3）远高于五指山（90.6 pg·m^-3）.广州大气中DBDPE为优势单体,占比为66.9%;五指山大气中NHFRs则以TBPH为主（65.8%）.季节变化上,广州的∑NHFRs浓度呈现一定季节变化,而五指山的∑NHFRs无明显季节变化,这可能与两地NHFRs的来源不同有关.结合主成分分析、风向频率和后向轨迹模型分析,发现两地阻燃剂来源有较大的差异：广州大气中NHFRs可能主要来源于电子垃圾拆解、工业输入和消费品的再挥发,而五指山大气中阻燃剂可能以外源输入为主.健康风险评价结果显示,我国大型城市大气中高浓度NHFRs的持续暴露会对城市居民健康特别是婴儿健康造成潜在危害.     

Transformation of erythromycin during secondary effluent soil aquifer recharging: Removal contribution and degradation path

Erythromycin (ERY), a widely used antibiotic, has recently been detected in municipal secondary effluents and poses serious threats to human health during wastewater reusing. In this study, the removal, fate, and degradation pathway of ERY in secondary effluent during soil aquifer treatment was evaluated via laboratory-scale SAT tests. Up to a 92.9% reduction of ERY in synthetic secondary effluent was observed in 1.0 m depth column system, which decreased to 64.7% when recharged with wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent. XRD-fractionation results demonstrated that the transphilic acid and hydrophobic acid fractions in secondary effluent compete for the adsorption sites of the packed soil and lead to a declined ERY removal. Moreover, aerobic biodegradation was the predominant role for ERY removal, contributing more than 60% reduction of ERY when recharged with synthetic secondary effluent. Destruction of 14-member macrocyclic lactone ring and breakdown of two cyclic sugars (l-cladinose and d-desosamine) were main removal pathways for ERY degradation, and produced six new intermediates.