近60年滇池水生态系统演替及驱动因子

滇池流域作为长江上游和我国西南地区生态安全屏障的重要组成部分,对保障区域乃至全国生态安全具有重要作用。采用文献调研、分类梳理等方法,并结合1950—2020年滇池水质变化和富营养化演化过程,系统分析了近60年滇池水生态系统中浮游植物、浮游动物、水生植物、底栖动物、鱼类等重要组成部分的演替过程及驱动因子。结果表明：1960s以前,滇池水体清澈见底,水生生物丰富,处于草型阶段;1970s—1990s,随着滇池富营养化程度加剧,水体理化性质的改变以及水生生物耐营养物种的数量增加,湖泊生态系统由草型阶段向草藻混合型阶段转变;2000—2015年,滇池水质进一步恶化,处于 GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类~劣Ⅴ类,水生生物从多优势种向单优势种、清水种向耐污种转变,处于藻型阶段;2016年之后,滇池水质虽逐步改善,但仍面临着严重的富营养化问题。滇池水生态系统演替的驱动因子主要是自然因素、流域污染物排放超出滇池环境容量及生态系统生境片段化。

     

Nutritional benefits of filial cannibalism in three-spined sticklebacks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gasterosteus aculeatus</Emphasis>)

Although filial cannibalism (eating one’s own offspring) occurs in numerous species, including several teleost fishes, its adaptive value is still not well understood. One often-discussed explanation is that individuals enhance their mass and body condition by consuming part of their eggs. However, evidence for this assumption is scarce thus far. In this study, male three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a species with paternal care, were allowed to care for a batch of eggs or for an empty nest under food-deprived conditions. All brood-caring males cannibalised at least part of their eggs and thus preserved their initial mass and body condition. Furthermore, mass as well as body condition was significant positively correlated with the number of cannibalised eggs. In contrast, empty-nest males that had no possibility to cannibalise eggs significantly lost mass and body condition. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimentally documented evidence that mass as well as body condition were preserved by filial cannibalism.     

European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH₃, NH₄⁺, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻, as well as SO₂, SO₄²⁻, HCl, Cl⁻ and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH₃) and regional (HNO₃, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH₃, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites.     

喷雾干燥脱硫法中石灰浆液特性的影响

以模拟实验研究了喷雾干燥脱硫法中吸收剂有效钙含量、粒度、浆液固含量及添加剂等石灰浆液参数对脱硫过程的影响，并作了分析。     

钢渣湿法脱硫试验研究

以某厂钢渣为吸收剂,以旋流板塔为吸收器,对湿法脱硫进行了试验研究。通过分析钢渣脱硫前后的化学成分变化,以及试验脱硫率随反应过程的变化,提出了钢渣湿法脱硫的反应机理。同时,试验研究了液气比、进气SO_2浓度、浆液浓度等主要参数对脱硫率的影响,以及加添加剂的效果。试验结果表明,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法应用于中低脱硫率(50％～70％)的场合,以取得综合治理、以废治废的效果。     

战略环境评价方法学研究

通过对国内外开展战略环境评价实施的研究，分析了战略环境评价程序中各个阶段的主要内容与方法，项目环境影响评价与战略环境评价在方法学上的异同，提出了我国在战略环境评价起步阶段方法研究应注意的方面。     

太原城区PM2.5中多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析和健康风险评价

以2013—2014年期间太原城区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为研究对象,定量分析了其中多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃的浓度.结果显示,太原城区PM_(2.5)中16种多环芳烃和12种硝基多环芳烃的浓度分别为13.8~547和0.70~4.33 ng·m~(-3),硝基多环芳烃浓度低于多环芳烃浓度1~2个数量级.太原城区PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃最高值出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季,冬季污染物浓度平均值高于夏季20倍,主要是由于北方采暖期间取暖用煤量的增加使得多环芳烃排放量大幅提高;与之不同的是,硝基多环芳烃浓度季节变化并不显著,冬季浓度均值与夏季差异小于5倍(除9-硝基蒽),反映出硝基多环芳烃生成主要与机动车尾气排放有关,其排放不受季节控制,这与实际情况是吻合的.此外,基于因子分析和化合物比值结果发现,太原城区大气PM_(2.5)中9-硝基蒽有来自周边地区木材燃烧的贡献.健康风险评价结果表明,必须对多环芳烃排放进行有效控制来降低人群在冬季大气中的暴露风险;对于硝基多环芳烃,其健康风险更要引起足够的重视.     

美国城市生活垃圾处理的借鉴

近十年来．美国垃圾产量一直在稳步增长,垃圾回收率增幅较大,垃圾填理率趋于稳定．垃圾焚烧率已呈下降趋势。美国政府从70年代初开始以立法的形式来解决垃圾处理问题,在制订全面的垃圾管理法律的基础上,实现从垃圾产生的源头削减到垃圾最终处理的减量化,最终减少垃圾对环境的危害。经过几十年的发展和变革,形成了一套比较完善和行之有效的垃圾处理管理体系,在垃圾的管理上取得了十分明显的效果,值得各国借鉴。     

乌鲁木齐市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析

2002年,在乌鲁木齐市5个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10).用化学质量平衡 (CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源,结果表明,各主要源类对TSP的分担率依次为扬尘34%、燃煤尘26%、建筑水泥尘10%、硫酸盐8%、土壤风沙尘7%、机动车尾气尘6%、钢铁尘2%、硝酸盐1%、其它6%;对PM10的分担率依次为扬尘30%、燃煤尘28%、建筑水泥尘11%、硫酸盐10%、机动车尾气尘8%、土壤风沙尘8%、硝酸盐1%、其它3%.     

印尼8.7级和8.5级强震后江苏体应变同震效应分析

2004年12月26日和2005年3月29日在印尼苏门答腊北部分别发生8.7级和8.5级强烈地震后,对江苏地区前兆体应变资料进行分析发现,在这两次地震的震后都记录到了显著的异常,且异常的表现形式各不相同。本文列出这些异常并浅析,以期对进一步深入研究印尼大震对我国未来地震趋势的影响有所帮助。