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31.
Dietmar Reinert Tetsuya Kimura Karl-Josef Gorgs 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2006,12(1):105-115
The authors analysed a proportional valve with electrical position feedback for its failure behaviour. Several failures were introduced into the feedback loop, especially into the 2 solenoids and the inductive position transducer. The behaviour of the valve for square and ramp reference signals was recorded and systematically analysed. It was shown that failures could be detected by monitoring the residual signal from the equipment under control or the residual signal from the sensor. It was possible to achieve the safe position within twice the normal response time of the valve by switching off the current of both solenoids. The application of these results for a new generation of safe proportional valves is discussed. The use of the results of these investigations obviates the need for redundancy of the electrical position monitoring arrangement in a safe proportional valve. 相似文献
32.
Yvonne Spira John Henstock Paul Nathanail Dietmar Müller David Edwards 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2006,16(4):81-96
The European Commission (EC) has recognized a need for strengthening innovation of environmental technologies in order to increase competitiveness of European technologies on a global market and to achieve a more sustainable development in Europe. In the area of soil and groundwater remediation, innovative technologies are principally available and have proven applicability and performance on demonstration scales, but market uptake is disappointing. Consequently, initiatives have been launched in order to promote application of these technologies and to investigate on the harmonization of applications. The European Co‐ordination Action for Demonstration of Efficient Soil and Groundwater Remediation (EURODEMO), an EC‐funded project, is one strategic initiative for supporting these goals. This article summarizes results obtained so far regarding the investigation of the European situation and some undertaken and envisaged measures to achieve better market uptake. The results of this research project may serve as prerequisites for a European Environmental Technologies Verification (ETV) process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
33.
Birgit Reger Patrick Sheridan Dietmar Simmering Annette Otte Rainer Waldhardt 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1026-1038
Farmland habitat diversity in marginal European landscapes changed significantly in the past decades. Further changes toward
homogenization are expected, particularly in the course of European agricultural policy. Based on three alternative transfer
payment schemes, we modeled spatially explicit potential effects on the farmland habitat diversity in a marginal European
landscape. We defined (1) a scenario with direct transfer payments coupled to production, (2) a scenario with direct transfer
payments decoupled from production, and (3) a scenario phasing out all direct transfer payments. We characterized habitat
diversity with three indices: habitat richness, evenness, and rarity. The habitat pattern in 1995 served as reference for
comparison. All scenarios predicted a general trend of homogenization of the farmland habitat pattern, yet to a differing
extent. Transfer payments coupled to production (Scenario 1) favored the abandonment of agricultural production, particularly
in low-productive areas and arable land use in more productive areas. Habitat richness and habitat evenness had intermediate
values in this scenario. Decoupling transfer payments from production (Scenario 2) supported grassland as most profitable
farming system. This led to a grassland-dominated landscape with low values of all habitat diversity indices. Phasing out
transfer payments (Scenario 3) resulted in complete abandonment or afforestation of agricultural land and extremely low values
in all habitat diversity indices. Scenario results indicate that transfer payments may prevent cessation of agricultural production,
but may not counteract homogenization in marginal landscapes. Conserving high farmland habitat diversity in such landscapes
may require support schemes, e.g., Pillar Two of EU Common Agricultural Policy. 相似文献
34.
2 H). As a consequence, the former proteolytic enzyme gained peroxidase activity and catalyzed the selective reduction of hydroperoxides.
Due to the identical binding sites of the semisynthetic peroxidase and the protease, the substrate selectivity of seleno-subtilisin
was predictable in view of the well-known selectivity of subtilisin. 相似文献
35.
The objective was to assess head injury risks and kinematics of adult pedestrians and bicyclists in primary impact to the passenger cars and secondary impact to the ground using real world accident data and computer reconstructions of the accidents. For this purpose, a subsample of 402 pedestrians and 940 bicyclists from the GIDAS database, Germany, was used for the statistical analysis, from which 22 pedestrian and 18 bicyclist accidents were further selected for reconstruction. PC-Crash was used to calculate impact conditions, such as vehicle impact velocity, vehicle kinematic sequence, and thrown distance. These conditions were employed to identify the initial conditions in reconstruction in MADYMO program. A comparable analysis was conducted based on the results from accident analysis and computer reconstructions for the impact configurations and the resulting injury patterns of pedestrians and bicyclists in view of head injury risks. Differences in HIC, head-relative impact velocity, linear acceleration, maximum angular velocity and acceleration, contact force, thrown distance, Wrap Around Distance (WAD), and head contact time were evaluated. Injury risk curves were generated by using a logistic regression model for vehicle impact velocity. The results indicate that bicyclists suffered less severe injuries compared with severity of pedestrian injuries. In the selected samples, the AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ head injury risks for pedestrians are 50% probability at impact speed of 38.87 km/h and 54.39 km/h respectively, while for bicyclists at 53.66 km/h and 58.89 km/h respectively. The findings of high injury risks suggested that in the area with high frequency car-pedestrian accidents, the vehicle speed limit should be 40 km/h, while in the area with high frequency car-cyclist accidents the vehicle speed limit should be 50 km/h. 相似文献
36.
37.
Thorsten Zellmann Alexandra S. B?uerle und Dietmar Jahnke 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(2):113-120
Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen praktischer Untersuchungen der Autoren zu Umweltmanagementsystemen in der Landwirtschaft, und hier insbesondere
der Umweltprüfung, zeigen sich die Besonderheiten der Agrarwirtschaft im Implementierungsproze?. Einige Bereiche k?nnen relativ
einfach umgesetzt werden, andere Aspekte bedürfen einer differenzierteren Methodik als bei anderen Wirtschaftsbereichen. W?hrend
sich das Managementaudit durch die übersichtliche Organisationsstruktur landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe meist als unkritisch
erweist, werden beim Wirkungsund Rechtsaudit einige bereichsspezifische Probleme erkannt. Das Wirkungsaudit zeigt dem Anwender
nach der Einführung einer neuen, speziell auf die Landwirtschaft angepa?ten Methodik der Stoffstrombilanzierung praxisorientierte
Handlungspotentiale. Die Ergebnisse k?nnen je nach Bedarf auf Betriebs-, Betriebszweigoder Kostentr?gerebene ausgewiesen relevant,
da sie einhohes ?kologischen Gef?hrdungspotential besitzen und bei den praktischen Erhebungen h?ufig Gegenstand von Beanstandungen
waren. Diese betreffen vor allem die Lagerung von umweltrelevanten Stoffen (Pflanzenschutzmittel, Diesel, Jauche, Gülle, Festmist
oder Sickers?fte) sowie die etwaigen Notwendigkeit und Beschaffenheit eines Waschplatzes. Die Konfliktbereiche werden beschrieben
und darauf aufbauend Optionen zur Verbesserung aufgezeigt.
Online-Publikationsdatum: 20.12.1999 相似文献
38.
Thorsten Zellmann Alexandra S. Bäuerle Reiner Doluschitz Dietmar Jahnke Detlef Marell 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(3):181-186
The registration of the present situation regarding environmental investigation is the basis for efficiently proceeding in the course of the implementation of environmental management systems (EMS). The basic analysis is found on the individual elements: reaction audit, management audit and compliance audit. Via an optimal performance of an environmental investigation while implementing an EMS, the basis for a maximum utilization has been created for the user as well for agriculture. Utilization for the company is provided by documentation of the organizational structure showing a transparency of procedures with regard to efficiency. Furthermore, an EMS is useful in the course of external tasks, e.g. public approach, business partners, position to authorities, deregulation or minimization of liability. 相似文献
39.
Free atmospheric phosphine concentrations and fluxes in different wetland ecosystems, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Han C Geng J Hong Y Zhang R Gu X Wang X Gao S Glindemann D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(2):630-635
Atmospheric phosphine (PH3) fluxes from typical types of wetlands and PH3 concentrations in adjacent atmospheric air were measured. The seasonal distribution of PH3 in marsh and paddy fields were observed. Positive PH3 fluxes are significantly related to high air temperature (summer season) and increased vegetation. It is concluded that vegetation speeds up the liberation of PH3 from soils, while water coverage might function as a diffusion barrier from soils or sediments to the atmosphere. The concentrations of atmospheric PH3 (ng m−3) above different wetlands decrease in the order of paddy fields (51.8 ± 3.1) > marsh (46.5 ± 20.5) > lake (37.0 ± 22.7) > coastal wetland (1.71 ± 0.73). Highest atmospheric PH3 levels in marsh are found in summer. In paddy fields, atmospheric PH3 concentrations in flourishing stages are higher than those in slowly growing stages. 相似文献
40.
Dietmar Reinert Oliver Schwaneberg Norbert Jung Sven Ullmann Wilfried Olbert Dieter Kamin Rudolf Kohler 《Safety Science》2009,47(8):1175-1184
Several hundred accidents involving the use of circular saws and resulting in injury, to hands or fingers occur each year in Germany.In the presented project, new approaches for the prevention of hand injuries and for the contactless detection of fingers are being investigated for comprehensive protection on circular saws. The basic principles can be applied to other machines with manual loading and/or unloading. This paper describes several principles to distinct human skin and wood and a safety guard that prevents touching the rotating blade. In a first approach a reliable protective device with functional diversity has been developed using a passive infrared sensor in combination with a capacitive field sensor. Second the distinction between skin and wood or other material is done by dedicated kind of spectral analysis in the near infrared region. With a kind of light curtain the intrusion into the dangerous zone near the blade can be prevented.The safety guard protects the operator’s hand within 50 ms. The forces of the protective system peak at no more than 120 N. We are presenting a complete strategy for such different tasks as cutting wedges, stopped cutting and hidden cutting, which have a very high odds ratio. 相似文献