Effects of long-term alachlor exposure on hepatic antioxidant defense and detoxifying enzyme activities in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Alachlor has been widely used in agriculture all over the world. It is suggested that it may be a carcinogen and also an environmental estrogen. In this paper, the physiological and biochemical perturbations of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to alachlor at different concentrations over 60 days were investigated. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were measured. The activity of hepatic antioxidant defense and detoxifying enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the content of glutathione (GSH) were determined and compared with the control group. The result showed that GSI and HSI decreased significantly (P<0.05) in almost all treatments. The activities of SOD, CAT and GST were induced continuously (P<0.05), while the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) was inhibited on the whole. These changes reflect that the antioxidant systems of the tested fishes were affected. The possible defense mechanistic implications about the changes were thus discussed. Furthermore, hepatic SOD and GST were sensitive to alachlor at low concentration, indicating that they might be potential biomarkers in early detection of alachlor contamination in aquatic ecosystems.     

三株白腐菌产锰过氧化物酶活性及其对多环芳烃的降解

比较研究了β-环糊精(β-CD)对3株黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)CGMCC5.776、GIM3.383和GIM3.393产锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和降解多环芳烃(PAHs)的影响.结果表明:3株菌都能分泌出高活性的MnP,β-CD能显著提高MnP的活性.加入2.0 g/Lβ-CD的体系培养到第12天时.酶活性最高达到2 912.5 U/L;而且β-CD能显著提高PAHs的降解率,两者之间存在较好的相关性.加入1.0 g/L β-CD的体系对比不加β-CD的体系,PAHs的降解率提高了1～2倍.PAHs的降解同时受到MnP活性、PAHs表观溶解度和分子结构稳定性等因素的影响.     

企业建立和实施环境目标、指标和管理方案中的问题及对策

分析了认证企业在建立环境目标、指标和管理方案中存在问题,提出了改进对策。     

GIS在广西香蕉低温冻害分析中的应用

根据香蕉生长状况、受害程度与低温冻害强度的关系,确定香蕉冻害的等级指标;利用广西90个气象台站30年的气候资料和台站地理信息,建立冻害指标的空间分析模型,采用GIS技术推算出1km×1km分辨率的冻害指标空间分布;并根据香蕉冻害分级指标,通过GIS的空间分析能力,分析了广西香蕉低温冻害的空间分布特征。     

复合菌种发酵酒糟菌体生长量和COD去除率的研究

在１００ｍＬ混合酒精培养液中接种优质复合菌种８５０３和８５０５,在接种量为体积浓度１０％,温度为３０．０℃,转速为１７０ｒ／ｍｉｎ的条件下,经摇床培养４８ｈ后,绝于菌体质量最高可收获１．４６９３ｇ,ＣＯＤ去除率高达６７．７４％,即ＣＯＤ由发酵前的３２６８０ｍｇ／Ｌ,降为发酵后的１０５４４ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

施用制革污泥土壤中铬的积累、化学形态及其植物有效性

通过对施用制革污泥土壤中铬的含量和形态、作物中铬积累量的测定,结合小麦幼苗培养试验,对Cr的化学形态与植物有效性的关系进行了研究.结果表明,施用污染后2mol/L HCl浸提态Cr的大幅度增长可能是造成作物Cr含量增加的主要原因,当土壤中Cr含量为220mg/kg时,小麦植株达到最大吸收量23.5mg/kg.高浓度Cr投入2种不同土壤时,小麦与水稻茎叶中Cr含量基本一致,而籽粒中含量则随作物种类有较大变化.     

Effect of cadmium alone and in combination with butachlor on soil enzymes

The ecological toxicity of cadmium (Cd, 10 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight soil) and butachlor (10, 50 and100 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight soil) in both their single and combined effects on soil urease and phosphatase was studied after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days exposure under controlled conditions in paddy and phaeozem soils. The results showed that Cd reduced the activities of urease and phosphatase at early incubation time (1–7 days), while the reduction almost disappeared at the end of the incubation. The effect of Cd on phosphatase was more pronounced than that on urease. The activities of urease and phosphatase were reduced by butachlor, while urease activity was significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) improved when the concentrations of butachlor were 10 and 50 mg kg⁻¹ at the end of the incubation. When Cd (10 mg kg⁻¹) was combined with butachlor (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹), the activities of urease and phosphatase became lower than without combination at early incubation time, which indicated that the toxicity of Cd significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, when Cd (10 mg kg⁻¹) was combined with butachlor (10 mg kg⁻¹), the activities of urease and phosphatase became higher than those without combination at the end of the incubation, which indicated that the toxicity of Cd decreased. It was indicated that the combined effects depended largely on the incubation time and the concentration ratio of Cd and butachlor. In addition, it was showed that the combined effects of butachlor and Cd appeared different in paddy from phaeozem, which may be related to the different properties of these soils.     

城市污泥堆肥过程中气温对堆体温度影响的模拟

在静态垛堆肥过程中,气温的变化会对堆体温度造成影响,这对堆肥过程中的堆体温度控制具有重要意义．但迄今为止,对此问题仍缺乏研究．本文引入小波分析方法对气温和堆体温度数据进行去噪和压缩处理,提取出气温波动引起的堆体温度波动信号,然后对气温波动信号和堆体温度波动信号进行分周期拟合,获得一一对应的振幅和相位差．结果表明,对于强制通风静态垛堆肥,气温波动对堆体下层（75cm）的影响最大,最大值为0．186℃,最小值为0．132℃,平均值为0．159℃;对中层（50cm）的影响最小,但随着堆肥进程的持续有增大的趋势;对上层（25cm）影响的最大值为0．105℃,最小值为0．065℃,平均值为0．085℃．从相位差上看,堆体中层（50cm）的相位差始终最大,在堆肥的降温期呈现明显减小的趋势;上层（25cm）的相位差随着堆肥进程的持续有明显增大的趋势;下层（75cm）的相位差在整个堆肥进程中呈缓慢升高的趋势．通过影响强度和相位差综合分析发现,堆体上层物料和下层物料在热量散失过程中可能存在两种不同的热交换机制,即上层物料以稳态热传导和自然对流为主,而下层物料则以非稳态热对流为主．     

盐沼植物翅碱蓬根际沉积物常见重金属分布及生物可利用性

翅碱蓬（Suaeda heteroptera）根际沉积物中四种常见重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb和cd）的总量次序为Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,且随潮滩变化明显。重金属总量在根际沉积物中高于非根际沉积物,尤以中潮滩差异最显著。对根际沉积物重金属5种化学形态（交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机态和残渣态）分析发现,Cu、Pb均以残渣态为主,其次为碳酸盐结合态,可交换态为最低;Zn以可交换态为主,其次分别为碳酸盐结合态和残渣态,最低为铁锰氧化物结合态和有机态。基于生物可利用性,上述5种形态可以分为活性态（包括交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机态）和残渣态两大类。研究发现,根际沉积物化学形态转化趋势与元素性质有关,Cu、Pb由活性态向残渣态转化,生物可利用性降低;Zn由残渣态向活性态转化,生物可利用性升高。     

改进型双泥反硝化除磷脱氮工艺 --一种可望从根本上解决脱氮除磷矛盾的新工艺

在对单污泥系统同时脱氮除磷内在矛盾分析的基础上,探讨了目前国内外双泥系统优化脱氮除磷的可行性,提出了强化解决氮磷矛盾的新工艺——改进型双泥反硝化除磷脱氮工艺。本研究利用SBR反应器对改进型工艺进行了实验室模拟,并为该系统的进一步完善提出了建议。