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181.
182.
Insular Endemic Plants Lack Defenses Against Herbivores 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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This paper presents results of the assessment of the design parameters leading to the definition of the crest level of a coastal
dike along the German North Sea. Procedures to estimate the design water level have been proposed, distinguishing between
comparative and single value procedures. The transformation of the wave characteristics from deep water towards the shallow
foreshore was achieved through the application of a spectral wave model. To improve the wave parameter estimations, the existing
model was nested to a grid with a higher resolution closer to the coast. The estimation of the wave run-up followed the Dutch
procedure with some adjustments to the local wave characteristics and dike geometry. The computed maximum crest level of 8.4 m
is below the crest height of the existing dike, which is 8.8 m. However a proposal for a more economical design should be
carefully evaluated, paying attention to the uncertainties encountered in this research. The general recommendation is to
enhance the reliability of the hindcasted wave parameters through calibration and validation of the wave model and to include
in the design process an investigation of the effect of the medium term morphological developments. 相似文献
185.
Dirk Semmann Hans-Jürgen Krambeck Manfred Milinski 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,57(6):611-616
To find conditions under which humans cooperate within groups of unrelated individuals has been of major interest in the behavioral sciences. The experimental paradigm for studying potential cooperation in social dilemmas is the public goods game. Here humans regularly fail to sustain a public resource cooperatively. However, the need to maintain good reputation for other social interactions, such as indirect reciprocity, has been identified as an effective mechanism to sustain cooperation in public goods situations. As a side effect of building a good reputation through cooperative actions, an individual provides direct benefits to members of his/her own social group. These benefits could be an incentive to reward a good reputation of group members. Here we show experimentally that building a good reputation through cooperative behavior in a public goods situation is rewarded in future social interactions, not only within ones own social group but also, at a similar level, in other social groups: humans regard cooperative behavior of others as an honest signal irrespective of past direct personal benefits. Reputation gained within as well as outside ones own social group can be a driving force for selfish individuals to cooperate in public goods situations, and thereby sustain any public resource.Communicated by T. Czeschlik 相似文献
186.
The present study investigated the discrepancies, or conflict, between the attributions of leaders and members as a function of LMX quality and explored the relation between attributional conflict and subordinate job satisfaction, perceptions of equity, and turnover intentions. Data for the study were provided by 141 supervisor-subordinate dyads from the managerial ranks of a large manufacturing organization. Both parties of the dyad made attributions for subordinate loyalty, affect, and contributions, member behaviors identified as critical in previous LMX research. Limited support emerged for the hypothesis that attributional conflict would be greater in dyads where subordinates reported lower rather than higher LMX quality. Findings suggested that attributional discrepencies are due, in part, to the tendency of leaders to make more favorable attributions for subordinates reporting higher LMX quality than for subordinates reporting lower LMX quality. Results also revealed that, while attributional conflict was negatively related to subordinate satisfaction and perceptions of equity and positively related to turnover intentions, attributional conflict did not predict subordinate work outcomes when the effects of LMX quality were controlled. Implications of these findings were discussed. 相似文献
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Selenium and nano-selenium in plant nutrition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hassan El-Ramady Neama Abdalla Hussein S. Taha Tarek Alshaal Ahmed El-Henawy Salah E.-D. A. Faizy Mohamed S. Shams Sarwat M. Youssef Tarek Shalaby Yousry Bayoumi Nevien Elhawat Said Shehata Attila Sztrik József Prokisch Miklós Fári Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy Elizabeth A. Pilon-Smits Dirk Selmar Silvia Haneklaus Ewald Schnug 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2016,14(1):123-147
Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring metalloid element which occurs nearly in all environments. Se is considered as a finite and non-renewable resource on the Earth. The common sources of Se in earth’s crust occur in association with sulfide minerals such as metal selenide, whereas it is rarely found in elemental form (Se0). While there is no evidence of Se need for higher plants, several reports show that when Se added at low concentrations, Se exerts beneficial effects on plant growth. Se may act as quasi-essential micronutrient through altering different physiological and biochemical traits. Thus, plants vary considerably in their physiological and biochemical response to Se. This review focusses on the physiological importance of Se forms as well as different Se fertilizers for higher plants, especially plant growth, uptake, transport, and metabolism. 相似文献