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191.
Stefan Aerts Dirk Lips Stuart Spencer Eddy Decuypere Johan De Tavernier 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(1):67-76
When making an assessment of animal welfare, it is important to take environmental (housing) or animal-based parameters into
account. An alternative approach is to focus on the behavior and appearance of the animal, without making actual measurements
or quantifying this. None of these tell the whole story. In this paper, we suggest that it is possible to find common ground
between these (seemingly) diametrically opposed positions and argue that this may be the way to deal with the complexity of
animal welfare. The model will have to be acceptable for the different parties that will be affected by it and real benefits
for the animal should result from it. This will be the basis of a practical ethical approach. All this can be condensed into
a model that essentially is made up out of three basic elements: the classical welfare analysis with an existing welfare assessment
tool, an assessment of the stockholder, and an implementation of the Free Choice Profiling technique. This new framework does
not pretend to be a different or better animal welfare matrix; it is intended to integrate existing knowledge and to provide
a practical tool to improve animal welfare. It identifies whether there are welfare problems on a farm, if present whether
these problems are caused by the housing system or the stockholder, and what can be done to improve the situation. 相似文献
192.
M. B. McEachern John M. Eadie Dirk H. Van Vuren 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1459-1469
We used DNA microsatellites to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of local genetic differentiation and relatedness
in a solitary mammal, the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes). Patterns of genetic variation were measured relative to spatial clusters, or neighborhoods, of woodrats. We detected significant genetic differentiation among woodrat neighborhoods in two populations spanning multiple
habitat types and densities. Estimates of θ
ST
among neighborhoods ranged 0.034–0.075 and were comparable to levels reported in social mammals. Genetic differentiation
at such a local scale is noteworthy because it occurred in the absence of any physical barriers to gene flow, suggesting that
the patterns observed are linked to the nonrandom patterns of mating and dispersal that characterize woodrat social structure.
Genetic differentiation and relatedness among neighborhoods were even higher when only resident females were analyzed. These
results are consistent with a pattern of female philopatry and male-biased dispersal in woodrats. Geographic distance and
relatedness were inversely correlated in adult females at intermediate densities, but not at low densities. Nonetheless, matrilineal
genetic structure was apparent even at low woodrat densities based on estimates of θ
ST
among neighborhoods of resident females that were significantly greater than zero and consistently greater than estimates
including all individuals. In summary, this study demonstrates a matrilineal genetic structure in dusky-footed woodrats. In
addition, our results support the idea that intermediate densities may be better at facilitating the formation of spatial
kin clusters than either extreme.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
193.
Assessing Landscape Functions with Broad-Scale Environmental Data: Insights Gained from a Prototype Development for Europe 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Felix Kienast Janine Bolliger Marion Potschin Rudolf S. de Groot Peter H. Verburg Iris Heller Dirk Wascher Roy Haines-Young 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1099-1120
We examine the advantages and disadvantages of a methodological framework designed to analyze the poorly understood relationships
between the ecosystem properties of large portions of land, and their capacities (stocks) to provide goods and services (flows).
These capacities (stocks) are referred to as landscape functions. The core of our assessment is a set of expert- and literature-driven
binary links, expressing whether specific land uses or other environmental properties have a supportive or neutral role for
given landscape functions. The binary links were applied to the environmental properties of 581 administrative units of Europe
with widely differing environmental conditions and this resulted in a spatially explicit landscape function assessment. To
check under what circumstances the binary links are able to replace complex interrelations, we compared the landscape function
maps with independently generated continent-wide assessments (maps of ecosystem services or environmental parameters/indicators).
This rigorous testing revealed that for 9 out of 15 functions the straightforward binary links work satisfactorily and generate
plausible geographical patterns. This conclusion holds primarily for production functions. The sensitivity of the nine landscape
functions to changes in land use was assessed with four land use scenarios (IPCC SRES). It was found that most European regions
maintain their capacity to provide the selected services under any of the four scenarios, although in some cases at other
locations within the region. At the proposed continental scale, the selected input parameters are thus valid proxies which
can be used to assess the mid-term potential of landscapes to provide goods and services. 相似文献
194.
195.
Stine Aakre Ilona Banaszak Reinhard Mechler Dirk Rübbelke Anita Wreford Harvir Kalirai 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):721-736
Increasing losses from weather related extreme events coupled with limited coping capacity suggest a need for strong adaptation
commitments, of which public sector responses to adjustments to actual and expected climate stimuli are key. The European
Commission has started to address this need in the emerging European Union (EU) climate adaptation strategy; yet, a specific
rationale for adaptation interventions has not clearly been identified, and the economic case for adaptation to extremes remains
vague. Basing the diagnosis on economic welfare theory and an empirical analysis of the current EU and member states’ roles
in managing disaster risk, we discuss how and where the public sector may intervene for managing climate variability and change.
We restrict our analysis to financial disaster management, a domain of adaptation intervention, which is of key concern for
the EU adaptation strategy. We analyse three areas of public sector interventions, supporting national insurance systems,
providing compensation to the affected post event as well as intergovernmental loss sharing through the EU solidarity fund,
according to the three government functions of allocation, distribution, and stabilization suggested by welfare theory, and
suggest room for improvement. 相似文献