以雨水为核心的城市水环境构建思路

在研究国内外利用雨水构建城市水环境的文献基础上,得出城市水环境构建要空中层、地表层和地下层综合构建三位一体的指导思想,以雨水为核心的城市水环境构建的思路是：从易到难,分步骤进行构建。     

南海球形棕囊藻质体16SrDNA序列分析

测定了采自香港2株球形棕囊藻和湛江1株等鞭金藻质体16SrDNA基因序列,结合GenBank中下载的32条同源序列,分析序列特征并构建分子系统树。发现600bp序列中有可变位点42个,简约信息位点33个,可变位点和简约信息位点分别为全序列的7．0％和5．5％。A＋T的含量（52．5％）略大于C＋G含量（47．5％）,与已报道的棕囊藻属叶绿体和线粒体基因相似;在分子系统树上,同属藻种聚类在一起,属间遗传距离分别为0．0255-0．0503。棕囊藻属属内遗传距离0-0．0050,不同藻种相混杂,并未独立成支;质体16srDNA部分序列虽不能区分棕囊藻属内不同藻种,但能鉴定出GenBank中27个环境样品为棕囊藻属藻株,从而能确定其地理分布和相对丰度,对棕囊藻赤潮的预测预报具有重要意义。质体16srDNA在其他赤潮藻类物种鉴定方面的应用需要进一步研究。     

纳米银和银离子对土壤中硝化微生物及其氨氧化速率的影响

为研究纳米银对土壤硝化微生物及其氮转化的影响,采用土壤培养方式,对不同剂量纳米银(10、50、100 mg·kg~(-1))和银离子(1、5、10 mg·kg~(-1))暴露下黄棕壤和水稻土硝化细菌数量、土壤酶活性、amoA基因丰度、NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量变化以及土壤潜在氨氧化速率进行研究.结果表明,纳米银和银离子暴露后,2种土壤亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌数量显著减少;土壤酶活性受到抑制,对脲酶的影响大于过氧化氢酶;土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的amoA基因丰度均降低,对AOB基因丰度的影响大于AOA.在2种土壤中外源添加(NH_4)_2SO_4时,随着纳米银和银离子暴露剂量增加,土壤NH_4~+-N含量累积,NO_3~--N含量减少,氨氧化速率降低,铵态氮向硝态氮的转化受阻.综上所述,纳米银和银离子对土壤硝化微生物产生毒害作用并影响铵态氮转化,且影响程度与土壤理化性质有关.     

太湖流域河流入河污染负荷通量与入湖水质响应关系分析——以殷村港为例

以2020年1—12月太湖主要入湖河流殷村港水质自动监测站的监测数据及2020年太湖水位资料为依据,构建了一维水量水质耦合数学模型,建立了入河污染负荷通量与入湖控制断面水质响应关系,以入太湖控制断面殷村港站达Ⅲ类水质水为目标,模拟计算了殷村港站主要污染物入湖水质变化过程。结果表明,殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标浓度最大值均明显的降低,其中氨氮浓度降低幅度相对较大,主要集中于3—6月;高锰酸盐指数和总磷日均入河污染负荷通量变化相对较小,氨氮日均入河污染负荷通量降低幅度相对较大;殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标年入河污染负荷削减量分别为24.17,41.43,3.87 t。提出,基于核算出的削减量需进一步结合污染负荷通量过程和污染源溯源分析,确定不同水质指标下入河污染负荷控制方向,为科学合理规划殷村港主要污染物的入河污染负荷总量控制提供科学依据。     

环境监测事业单位科研管理组织与构建

以江苏省环境监测中心科研管理为例,分析了江苏省现有条件下的环境监测事业单位科研性质和科研管理的主要模式、存在的弊端及今后发展,尝试通过对环境监测网络建设实施方案和地区规划的解读,寻找环境监测科研的研究方向和管理模式,紧密结合江苏省环境监测系统科研管理特点,提出科研管理方案设想和可实现的具体步骤。     

Non-UV based germicidal activity of metal-doped TiO2 coating on solid surfaces

A stain-based screening method was developed to screen different catalyst coatings for their germicidal activity. A Baclight dead/live bacteria viability kit （invitrogen, molecular probes） was used for staining the cell. The screening was carried out following a standard procedure. This included loading cell suspension to solid surface and maintaining contact for 30 min, then staining with a mixture containing dyes. The stained cells were observed using an epifluorescent microscope and photographed with a CCD camera under UV. Metal-doped TiO2 coatings on AI plates were prepared and tested for non-UV germicidal activity without using UV. It was tested using model microorganisms such as Bakers Yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae）, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. On the basis of the germicidal activity of catalyst and the degree of damage caused to the cells, the stained cells may appear green （viable）, green with red or yellow nuclei and yellow （compromised） or red （nonviable）. According to their stained color, cells were counted to calculate the percentage of dead, live, and compromised cells. Compromised cells are cells that grow very slowly after reculturing indicating a degree of reversible cell damage. Screening the germicidal activity using this staining method is accurate and efficient, and requires less time than the culture-based method. A modification to the procedure for measuring germicidal activity of rough surfaces or fibrous coatings was developed. Both TiO2 and metal-doped TiO2 （Ag, Pt, Au, Cu） possess non-UV based germicidal activity. The germicidal activity of TiO2 was found to be related with its wetting property and can be improved by UV irradiation before testing. It is not greatly affected by contact time, indicating a fast acting germicidal activity.     

Food-particle size and selection by bivalve larvae in a temperate embayment

Epifluorescence microscopy was used to analyze the stomach contents of bivalve larvae collected in the Baie des Chaleurs (western Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) in order to document food-particle sizes, compare feeding among taxa, and compare the diet with the in situ phytoplankton community. Stomach contents were mainly composed of small autotrophic flagellates (<5 μm) and cyanobacteria (<2 μm), reflecting the microbial food web which characterizes these waters. More than half (55%) of all veligers examined contained algal cells of 5 to 15 μm, whereas only 3% had cells of 15 to 25 μm. Differences in the size ranges of ingested algal cells among similar-sized larvae of different species suggests that veligers actively selected food particles. Among the smallest veligers (185 to 260 μm), scallops (Placopecten magellicanus) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) ingested more <5 μm and 5 to 15 μm algae than clams (Mya arenaria). Among larger veligers (261 to 405 μm), clams contained significantly more <5 μm cells than mussels, whereas mussels contained significantly more 5 to 15 μm algae than clams. Algal cells of 15 to 25 μm were preferentially ingested by mussel veligers. Feeding also differed between different-sized veligers within taxa, i.e. the smallest clam veligers ingested fewer of 5 to 15 μm algae than the larger size classes. Mussel veligers ingested significantly more 15 to 25 μm and fewer <5 μm cells as their size increased. The dominance of ultraplankton in the nearshore waters of Baie des Chaleurs and in the stomach contents suggests that veliger larvae may be an important export path for carbon produced by small phytoplankton. Received: 17 July 1996 / Accepted: 20 September 1996     

Inhibition of diatom photosynthesis by germanic acid: Separation of diatom productivity from total marine primary productivity

Germanic acid was shown to inhibit photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ uptake in marine diatoms. Inhibition was not complete even at concentrations of 20 mg Ge/1 nor in cultures incubated for extended periods of time (up to 24 h). The decrease in photosynthesis due to Ge(OH)₄ was independent of the stage of growth of the diatom culture. At 0.5 and 1.0 mg Ge/1, the degree of inhibition was dependent on the concentration of Si(OH)₄ in the medium. At 5 and 10 mg Ge/1, inhibition was not affected by Si(OH)₄ concentrations as high as those found in the sea-120 g-at Si/1. The effect of Ge(OH)₄ on photosynthesis is specific for diatoms; other marine phytoplankton were not inhibited. In mixed cultures of diatoms and marine flagellates, the reduction in ¹⁴CO₂ fixation upon addition of Ge(OH)₄ was used to calculated the proportion of diatom photosynthesis to total photosynthesis, and calculated proportions agreed well with actual proportions. Inhibition by Ge(OH)₄ was also used to estimate the percent of diatom photosynthesis in a natural marine community, and this was compared with the diatom portion of the crop. Diatom photosynthesis was higher than one might expect from crop figures, although both diatom photosynthesis and diatom numbers in the crop were low.     

重金属复合污染场地对花背蟾蜍雄性性腺的毒性作用

以花背蟾蜍为研究对象,以包头市某尾矿库南侧受污染的水域湿地和相对无污染的小白河黄河湿地保护区为研究样地。对比分析雄性花背蟾蜍形态学指标、精巢脏器系数、精子动态参数、精子畸形率、性激素、红细胞微核率和DNA损伤等相关指标,研究重金属复合污染场地对花背蟾蜍雄性性腺的毒性效应。结果显示:与小白河湿地相比,尾矿库湿地花背蟾蜍条件因子和精巢脏器系数显著高于小白河湿地(P<0.01)。尾矿库花背蟾蜍精子的鞭打频率显著升高,而精子活力显著降低(P<0.05),精子畸形率、红细胞微核率和DNA损伤均显著高于小白河湿地(P<0.05)。结果表明:尾矿库复合污染通过降低精子质量,增加红细胞微核率和DNA损伤对花背蟾蜍的雄性性腺造成毒理学影响,花背蟾蜍通过升高条件因子和精巢脏器系数来缓解复合污染的毒性胁迫。该成果对重金属复合污染场地两栖类动物种群保护以及生态平衡维护有着积极作用。     

1株汞挥发真菌的分离及特性分析

近年来土壤汞污染日益严峻,严重危害环境和人类健康,已成为一个世界性的环境问题,因此选择合理有效的方法对其进行修复与控制刻不容缓。有些微生物对汞具有吸附和挥发的特性,可用于受汞污染环境的修复。实验从受重金属污染的土壤中分离纯化出1株高抗汞真菌（DC-F9）,其汞的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）达到160 mg/L;通过ITS序列比较,鉴别该菌属于曲霉属真菌;摇瓶培养发现,该真菌在Hg（Ⅱ）浓度为5 mg/L的培养基中对汞的挥发率、吸附率和总去除率分别为36.8%、58.4%、95.2%;而在Hg（Ⅱ）浓度为10 mg/L的培养基中,其值分别为45.4%、40.2%、85.6%;通过FTIR分析,发现该菌株为响应汞的胁迫表现出多种生理上变化。结果表明该菌株具有对汞污染环境修复的应用潜力。