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121.
122.
Melissa S. Gerald James Ayala Angelina Ruíz-Lambides Corri Waitt Alexander Weiss 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(1):89-96
Several primate species show sexual dichromatism with males displaying conspicuous coloration of the pelage or skin. Studies
of scrotal coloration in male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) suggest that it is an important intrasexual signal, with relatively dark, colourful males dominating paler males. To date,
no studies have examined the influence of male colour on intersexual social interactions in vervet monkeys. The primary goal
of the present study was to evaluate whether female vervet monkeys attend to male coloration. We experimentally introduced
females, housed with either “pale” or “dark” males, to stimulus males whose scrota were pale, dark, or pale but painted to
look dark. Overall, during introductions, females did not differ in time spent directing affiliative behaviour toward pale,
dark, and painted males; however, females, permanently housed with dark males, spent significantly more time directing affiliative
behaviour toward pale than painted males. When the stimulus male was pale, affiliative exchanges between males and females
were longer than when the stimulus male was painted. Home male colour was not related to female-initiated aggression. Home
male colour was also not related to male-initiated aggression, although painted stimulus males were more likely to initiate
aggression than pale stimulus males. These findings lead us to conclude that females pay attention to male coloration, but
do not bias their interactions toward males solely on the basis of natural male coloration. 相似文献
123.
The environmental impact of hydrogen production in a 2-step fermentation process from potato steam peels was identified. Based on the ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ecoinvent data base and SimaPro 7.1 software, a life cycle inventory analysis was performed. Reflecting the current state of process development, the LCA shows an impact of 4.3 points (pts) which is at least 5.7 times higher than the selected reference technologies regarded as state-of-the-art. Over half (53.5%) of the environmental impact is generated by the use of phosphate in the fermentation processes. A sensitivity analysis shows a potential impact reduction of 65.8% due to recirculation of sewage or reduction of buffer concentration. The analysis also demonstrates that the production of the process ingredients cause 98.3% of the environmental impact. The impact of the process itself is 0.07 pts which is up to 10 times lower than the reference technologies. 相似文献
124.
Although the existence of robust inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seems paradoxical, they are well known to exist in planktonic communities, and have recently been discovered in pristine coral reefs and in a reef off the North Carolina coast. Understanding the underlying mechanisms which produce inverted biomass pyramids provides new ecological insights. Some ecologists hypothesize that “the high growth rate of prey and low death rate of predators” causes IBPs. However, we show this is not always the case (see Sections 3.1 and 4). We devise predator–prey models to describe three mechanisms that can lead to IBPs: (1) well-mixed populations with large prey turn-over rate, (2) well-mixed populations with prey immigration, and (3) non-mixed populations where the prey can hide in refuges. The three models are motivated by the three ecosystems where IBPs have been observed. We also devise three refuge mediated models, with explicit refuge size, which incorporate different prey responses in the refuge, and we discuss how these lead to IBPs. 相似文献
125.
The danger to health, especially of young children, from lead-bearing particulates in the surface environment is still a valid
concern. Given the multifaceted uses of lead today as well as historically, the sources of lead must be investigated to distinguish
the etiology of lead contamination on the environment. The lead isotope finger printing technique based on isotopic ratio
analyses (IRA) is one of the methods used commonly for provenancing lead sources in environmental studies throughout the world.
This technique, however, has some inherited shortcomings. Therefore, caution must be used in the interpretation of the results,
as this technique can lead to overestimations as well as underestimations of the true source etiology/apportionment of lead
in specific environments. This paper illustrates this with some examples. Data on geographical information systems (GIS) mapping
in urban regions are also presented in this paper. 相似文献
126.
Jonathan D. Weiss 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1130-1148
Abstract The intrusion of moisture into landfills can pose a health hazard because of the possibility that the moisture will carry harmful substances into the groundwater. Early detection of moisture anywhere within these landfills is essential if corrective action is to be taken well before an occurrence of this kind. This paper presents the results of a field-scale simulation test of the use of fiber optics to detect the presence of moisture within landfill covers, using a detection method based on the thermal response of soils as a function of their moisture content. By sending electrical current through an embedded stainless-steel tube, soils of varying moisture content were heated and time-dependent temperature measurements were obtained with a fiber-optic distributed temperature sensor system. The optical fiber itself lay within the tube, but its temperature was a function of how rapidly heat was conducted into the surrounding medium. The results of this experiment, which are in agreement with those obtained using more traditional “point” sampling and laboratory analysis, are presented along with the strengths and limitations of the thermal-response method of detecting moisture. 相似文献
127.
To investigate the occurrence and fate of ritalinic acid - the main human metabolite of the psychostimulant drug methylphenidate - in the aquatic environment, a HPLC-electrospray-MS/MS method for the quantification of ritalinic acid in wastewater, surface water and bank filtrate was developed. Carbamazepine known as very stable in the aquatic environment was analyzed as anthropogenic marker in parallel. Furthermore, the removal of ritalinic acid was studied in a sewage treatment plant using an activated sludge system during a field study and in lab-scale plants. In good agreement between lab-scale and field studies a low removal rate of 13% and 23%, respectively, was determined. As a consequence, the concentration of ritalinic acid in the wastewater effluents were in the range of <50-170 ngL(-1) which corresponds to a mean specific load per capita of 17.7 μgd(-1). Ritalinic acid has further been detected in German rivers at concentrations of 4-23 ngL(-1) and in bank filtrate samples in 100-850 m distance from the river up to 5 ngL(-1) demonstrating the widespread occurrence of this stable metabolite in the aquatic environment. A comparison to available sales data shows that a significant amount of methylphenidate applied can be found in waters as ritalinic acid. 相似文献
128.
Tobias Schulze Sara Weiss Emma Schymanski Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen Georg Streck 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1461-1599
The pharmaceutical diclofenac (DCF) is released in considerably high amounts to the aquatic environment. Photo-transformation of DCF was reported as the main degradation pathway in surface waters and was found to produce metabolites with enhanced toxicity to the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. We identified and subsequently confirmed 2-[2-(chlorophenyl)amino]benzaldehyde (CPAB) as a transformation product with enhanced toxicity using effect-directed analysis. The EC50 of CPAB (4.8 mg/L) was a factor of 10 lower than that for DCF (48.1 mg/L), due to the higher hydrophobicity of CPAB (log Kow = 3.62) compared with DCF (log Dow = 2.04) at pH 7.0. 相似文献
129.
Birgit Daus Michael Hempel Holger Weiss 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(11):3439-3444
Groundwater polluted with phenylarsenicals from former warfare agent deposits and their metabolites was investigated with respect to the behavior of relevant arsenic species. Depth profiles at the estimated source and at about 1 km downgradient from the source zone were sampled. The source zone is characterized by high total arsenic concentrations up to 16 mg L−1 and is dominated by organic arsenic compounds. The concentrations in the downgradient region are much lower (up to 400 μg L−1) and show a high proportion of inorganic arsenic species. Iron precipitation seems to be an effective mechanism to prevent dispersion of inorganic arsenic as well as phenylarsonic acid. Reductive conditions were observed in the deeper zone with predominant occurrence of trivalent arsenic species. The inorganic species are in redox equilibrium, whereas the phenylarsenic compounds have variable proportions. Methylphenylarsinic acid was identified in groundwater in traces which indicates microbial degradation activity. 相似文献
130.
Andrea Garcia Bravo Jean-Luc Loizeau Sylvain Bouchet Alexandre Richard Jean Francois Rubin Viorel-Gheorge Ungureanu David Amouroux Janusz Dominik 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(8):1422-1432