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91.
消融的冰川:加拿大班夫国家公园亚高山带鲍湖中持久性有机氯的主要来源 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jules M. Blais David W. Schindler Derek C.G. Muir Martin Sharp David Donald Melissa Lafrenire Eric Braekevelt William M.J. Strachan 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2001,30(7):410-415
有机氯杀虫剂和多氯联苯(PCB)是环境中普遍而稳固的化合物。现已查明,由于它们从温暖的地区逐渐蒸发出来,并在较冷的地区凝聚下来,因而它们富集在寒冷的环境中。在本研究中,我们的结果是,消融的冰川供给阿尔伯达亚高山带湖泊中的有机氯输入量为50%~97%,而提供的水量为73%。对氚的分析结果表明,在夏季的中、晚期,至少10%的冰川消融物是在1950~1970年期间沉积下来的,这期间它受到有机氯更多的污染。这一发现表明,气候变暖可能会使消融的冰川成为日益增多的淡水污染物来源。由于有机物贫乏的冰川粘土对多氯联苯这样的疏水化合物的吸附能力有限,因此冰川水流带来的有机氯大多呈溶解状态。 相似文献
92.
Saito K Sjödin A Sandau CD Davis MD Nakazawa H Matsuki Y Patterson DG 《Chemosphere》2004,57(5):373-381
A new analytical method has been developed for the quantification of 59 different persistent organohalogen compounds, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in biological organ tissues. The optimum extraction and cleanup procedures were examined using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), automated gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on Biobeads S-X3 and automated solid phase extraction (SPE) on silica-gel. The target compounds were divided into two fractions, non-polar compounds and more polar compounds, which in the latter fraction was subsequently methylated using diazomethane. Detection can be achieved by GC/MS in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. The average recoveries of the compounds spiked in swine liver, heart, kidney, and cattle adipose tissues were considered satisfactory, and it was confirmed that the method could be used in routine analysis. 相似文献
93.
94.
Incineration of municipal refuse results in the production of massive quantities of fly ash and bottom ash. Toxic elements in the original refuse may be concentrated up to 40-fold in the resultant ash. There is concern that burial of such ash in landfills could result in leaching of these elements downward into groundwater. In this study, refuse ashes were incorporated into glass, ceramic and cement composites to immobilize such toxic elements. The EP Toxicity Test (1986) was used to show that extraction of such elements by simulated acid rain is effectively blocked in these new solid materials. 相似文献
95.
The toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill.The combined bioassay-partitioning procedure may have applications to the study of the toxicity of other complex mixtures such as industrial effluents. 相似文献
96.
The impacts of ultrafine airborne particles generated by diesel or gasoline engines on human lung cells have been investigated using a new in vitro cellular exposure technique. This technique enables direct deposition of the gasoline engine exhaust particles (GEP) and diesel engine exhaust particles (DEP) on human lung cells located at the air-cell interface on a transwell membrane in an exposure apparatus. The cellular responses to particle exposure were measured by the levels of IL-8 chemokines produced as a function of exposure time. The findings suggest that GEP and high-sulfur DEP induced the production of similar levels of IL-8 by unprimed A549 cells. The level of IL-8 produced by unprimed A549 cells in response to low-sulfur DEP was found lower than that produced in response to high-sulfur DEP and GEP. When cells were primed, simulating predisposed conditions, significant levels of IL-8 were produced. GEP triggered a much higher level of IL-8 production than DEP did. Furthermore, the time profile of IL-8 production induced by GEP was markedly different from that induced by DEP. The findings indicate that GEP could induce the production of higher levels of chemokines (i.e., IL-8) than DEP did, implying that exposure to GEP could be a greater health risk than exposure to DEP. 相似文献
97.
Donald Barnes Alex McBride Norbert Jaworski Robert Harless Aubry Dupuy 《Chemosphere》1986,15(9-12):1401-1404
In 1983, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) embarked on an extensive investigation of the presence and extent of contamination of the national environment by CDDs/CDFs. This status report is a prelude to a final report to be delivered to the US Congress in December, 1985. 相似文献
98.
Leland JE Mullins DE Berry DF 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2003,38(6):697-712
A process for disposing of pesticide rinsates using sorption onto organic matter followed by composting is being evaluated. As a part of this evaluation process, we have studied the bioavailability of composted delta-2-14C-diazinon and its degradation products to earthworms (Eisenia foetida Savigny) in 30 and 60 d compost amended soil. After 60 d of composting there was considerable degradation of diazinon (95%) and a corresponding increase in the primary hydrolysis product, 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMHP) as determined by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Approximately 50% of the radioactivity became incorporated into the non-extractable fractions associated with composted organic matter with no measurable amounts of 14CO2 produced during the 60-day composting period. Following addition of the composted materials to soil, diazinon leading to 50% mortality after 14 d of exposure; continued to slowly degrade and become increasingly sorbed/entrapped within the soil-compost matrix. Soil amended with 30-d composted diazinon was toxic to earthworms whereas, no mortality was observed in those earthworms exposed to the 60-d composted diazinon. However, earthworms exposed to 30-d and 60-d composted diazinon were found to have similar levels of radioactivity in their tissues. The majority of the radioactivity in earthworms exposed 60-d composted diazinon was either unextractably bound within the earthworm tissue or was not acetone soluble. Most of the radioactivity that could be extracted with acetone was not separated by the two HPTLC methods we used. This study demonstrates that composting high concentrations of diazinon can greatly reduce toxicity and the amount of diazinon that is bioavailable to a representative soil macroinvertebrate (E. foetida). 相似文献
99.
Jeffries DS Clair TA Couture S Dillon PJ Dupont J Keller W McNicol DK Turner MA Vet R Weeber R 《Ambio》2003,32(3):176-182
Reductions in North American sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions promoted expectations that aquatic ecosystems in southeastern Canada would soon recover from acidification. Only lakes located near smelters that have dramatically reduced emissions approach this expectation. Lakes in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec and Ontario affected only by long-range sources show a general decline in sulfate (SO4(2-)) concentrations, but with a relatively smaller compensating increase in pH or alkalinity. Several factors may contribute to the constrained (or most likely delayed) acidity response: declining base cation concentrations, drought-induced mobilization of SO4(2-), damaged internal alkalinity generation mechanisms, and perhaps increasing nitrate or organic anion levels. Monitoring to detect biological recovery in southeastern Canada is extremely limited, but where it occurs, there is little evidence of recovery outside of the Sudbury/Killarney area. Both the occurrence of Atlantic salmon in Nova Scotia rivers and the breeding success of Common Loons in Ontario lakes are in fact declining although factors beyond acidification also play a role. Chemical and biological models predict that much greater SO2 emission reductions than those presently required by legislation will be needed to promote widespread chemical and latterly, biological recovery. It may be unrealistic to expect that pre-industrial chemical and biological conditions can ever be reestablished in many lakes of southeastern Canada. 相似文献
100.
Awoke Dagnew Donald Scavia Yu‐Chen Wang Rebecca Muenich Colleen Long Margaret Kalcic 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(5):1288-1305
A large international watershed, the St. Clair‐Detroit River System, containing both extensive urban and agricultural areas, was modeled using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The watershed, located in southeastern Michigan, United States, and southwestern Ontario, Canada, encompasses the St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit (DT), Sydenham (SY), Upper, and Lower Thames subwatersheds. The SWAT input data and model resolution (i.e., hydrologic response units, HRUs), were established to mimic farm boundaries, the first time this has been done for a watershed of this size. The model was calibrated (2007–2015) and validated (2001–2006) with a mix of manual and automatic methods at six locations for flow and water quality at various time scales. The model was evaluated using Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and percent bias and was used to explore major water quality issues. We showed the importance of allowing key parameters to vary among subwatersheds to improve goodness of fit, and the resulting parameters were consistent with subwatershed characteristics. Agricultural sources in the Thames and SY subwatersheds and point sources from DT subwatershed were major contributors of phosphorus. Spatial distribution of phosphorus yields at HRU and subbasin levels identified locations for potential management targeting for both point and nonpoint sources and revealed that in some subwatersheds nonpoint sources are dominated by urban sources. 相似文献