磁性污泥基生物炭对Pb2+的吸附性能

为克服湿法制备磁性生物炭颗粒时团聚严重、固液分离困难、热解前需消耗大量能源脱水干化的问题,本研究以市政污泥为原料,通过无溶剂法热解制备了磁性污泥基生物炭(MSBC-2),并利用SEM、FTIR、XPS、VMS和Raman等方法对产物的表面结构与特征进行了表征。基于序批实验,分析了pH、温度、背景离子强度、生物炭投加量对该吸附材料的Pb²⁺吸附性能的影响,并进行了吸附动力学、吸附等温线及吸附热力学研究。结果表明：MSBC-2的Pb²⁺去除率随pH及温度的升高而升高,pH>4后去除率基本不变,离子强度对Pb²⁺去除率基本无影响。MSBC-2对Pb²⁺的吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir模型,表明吸附过程的限速步骤为化学反应,吸附为单分子层吸附;MSBC-2的反应速率常数k₂是未改性生物炭的4.1倍,25 ℃时最大理论吸附容量为113.36 mg·g⁻¹,高于大多数湿法制备的磁性生物炭;该吸附过程非自发、吸热且熵增过程;MSBC-2对Pb²⁺的吸附机理主要包括表面络合、离子交换和物理吸附。     

美国城市生活垃圾处理的借鉴

近十年来．美国垃圾产量一直在稳步增长,垃圾回收率增幅较大,垃圾填理率趋于稳定．垃圾焚烧率已呈下降趋势。美国政府从70年代初开始以立法的形式来解决垃圾处理问题,在制订全面的垃圾管理法律的基础上,实现从垃圾产生的源头削减到垃圾最终处理的减量化,最终减少垃圾对环境的危害。经过几十年的发展和变革,形成了一套比较完善和行之有效的垃圾处理管理体系,在垃圾的管理上取得了十分明显的效果,值得各国借鉴。     

Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore

Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.     

安全工程学科建设与专业建设

分析了目前我国安全工程学科建设和专业建设中存在的问题，提出了我国安全工程学科建设和专业建设的一些设想和看法。     

碱剂共凝——一元化净化电镀废水装置

在电镀综合废水中投加硫酸亚铁还原六价铬,再用氢氧化钠调节 pH 值到7.8—9,使重金属离子生成氢氧化物,再经过净化器的混凝、沉淀、过滤后,水质达到国家排放标准,并回用作镀前处理清洗用水。在含有多种重金属离子的污泥中投加硫酸亚铁后,经过蒸气加热,空气搅拌生成铁氧体,不致造成二次污染。     

YJT塔及其在三苯废气治理中的应用

介绍了一种自行研制的ＹＪＴ塔组合净化装置及其工艺，并简要阐述了有关注体力学参数，通过某制鞋厂的三苯废气治理表明，用零号柴油作吸收剂，其净化效率较高，经治理排放的废气浓度和排放速率均符合行业标准中的一级标准。     

Effect of excessive cadmium chloride on the plasmids of E. coli HB 101 in vivo

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乙烯裂解废碱氧化影响因素分析

就影响独山子石化公司乙烯裂解装置废碱液氧化反应的因素，在实验室小试规模试验的基础上，对影响因素进行分析和探讨，着重分析了装置在运行过程中出现的问题和存在的不足，在对现有装置工艺不做大的改动的前提下，提出了装置的技术改造建议。     

Application of Neomysis awatschensis as a standard marine toxicity test organism in China

The small mysid crustacean Neomysis awatschensis was collected in the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China in 1992 and acclimated and cultured in laboratory conditions since then. Standard acute toxicity tests using 4--6 d juvenile mysids of this species were conducted and the results were compared with Mysidopsis bahia, a standard toxicity test organism used in the US in terms of their sensitivities to reference toxins, as well as their taxonomy, morphology and geographic distributions. Because of its wide distribution along the Chinese coast, similar sensitivity to pollutants as M. bahia, short life history, small size and the ease of handling, this study intended to use N-awatschensis as one of the standard marine organisms for toxicity testing in China. The species were applied to acute toxicity evaluations of drilling fluid and its additives, organotin TPT and toxic algae, and to chronic (life cycle) toxicity assays of organotin TPT and a toxic dinofalgellate Alexandrium tamarense, respectively. Using N. awatschensis as a standard toxicity testing organism in marine pollution assment in China is suegested.     

关于塑性应变比的测定

此文用直接法和间接法研究了δ值和计算方法对γ值的影响。发现γ值基本上与δ无关。δ只影响其测量精度,δ愈大愈有利于提高γ的测量精度。计算方法对γ值的影响只在δ值较小时。随δ增大,计算方法的影响逐步消除。