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541.
In this paper, we divide the communities in Central China into four groups, namely ecological high-poverty communities, non-ecological high-poverty communities, sustainable communities and non-ecological low-poverty communities. We use 2000 and 2006 data for 498 counties to conduct analysis and comparison between sustainable and unsustainable communities in order to define determinants of the development pathways to sustainable communities. The comparison of the variable means between the groups of ecological high-poverty communities and non-ecological high-poverty communities in 2006 indicates that there is no significant difference in the dimensions related to economy, society and environment, with the exception of average output value per industrial enterprise. The non-ecological low-poverty communities are more likely to have a higher proportion of secondary industry, higher total industrial output value, higher average output value per industrial enterprise and higher intensity of infrastructure construction, compared to the sustainable communities. The factors that determine whether the communities will choose the pathway to sustainable communities are found to be landscape, social conditions of secondary industry and agriculture and economic development level. Hence, the policies that aim at promoting sustainability for the unsustainable communities will have to focus on different strategies and actions for non-ecological high-poverty and non-ecological low-poverty communities. 相似文献
542.
Boston's Chinatown is an urban community surrounded by businesses, a university, a large medical centre, and an area zoned for “adult entertainment” called the Combat Zone. The overall goal of this exploratory study was to examine the temporal and geographic distribution of street crime in Boston's Chinatown using police crime reports from the years 1988 to 2004. Crime patterns were most notably associated with the presence of the adult entertainment area, known as the Combat Zone. However, despite the decline of adult businesses over the study period, we saw small limited reduction in property and violent crimes, suggesting that the decline of these businesses did not lead to large-scale short-term (<5 years) reductions in crime. 相似文献
543.
544.
Blessings?ChinsingaEmail author Michael?Chasukwa Sane?Pashane?Zuka 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2013,26(6):1065-1084
Though a recent phenomenon, land grabs have generated considerable debate that remains highly polarized. In this debate, one view presents land deals as a path to sustainable and transformative rural development through capital accumulation, infrastructural development, technology transfer, and job creation while the alternative view sees land grabs as a new wave of neo-colonization, exploitation, and domination. The underlying argument, at least theoretically, is that international land deals unlock the much needed capital to accelerate the achievement of sustainable and transformative rural development in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the contribution of large scale land deals in Malawi to rural development by employing the political economy perspective using the Limphasa Sugar Corporation as a case study with particular focus on the nature and interest of the actors involved; the legal framework supporting large scale land deals; major individual and community benefits; and the extent to which these large land deals can indeed bring about sustainable and transformative rural development. The findings of this article demonstrate that large scale land deals present short term benefits to local communities such as capital for rural development; technology transfer and job creation in exchange for the priceless economic and social capital that local people depend upon; destruction of local social systems; deepening of local communities’ vulnerability to economic shocks; and the entrenchment of community dependence that may in the long run result in social and political unrest. 相似文献
545.
Myriam?MeradEmail author Nicolas?Dechy Frédéric?Marcel Igor?Linkov 《The Environmentalist》2013,33(2):305-321
Past and present disasters and scandals, such as the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the Servier Mediator (Benfluorex) scandal in 2009 and the Enron collapse in 2001, have uncovered weaknesses in governance issues. The authors argue that there is a need to develop methods and tools to diagnose and assess the governance of organizations with respect to Sustainable Development (SD). However, this task remains difficult due to the fact that it is difficult to appraise the quality of governance. The authors propose a protocol to diagnose and analyze the governance of SD and explore the use of multiple-criteria decision-aiding methods to achieve this task. Two aggregation methods to assess the global governance are proposed: (1) The identification of a final governance index for an Organization. This method helps in establishing a global diagnosis of the quality of the governance of an Organization with respect to SD challenges. The governance index is based on the calculation of three indexes: the partial opportunity index, the partial risk index and the partial equilibrium index. (2) The ranking of a set of Organizations according to their governance of SD. This method aims at assessing a set of Organizations based on a pairwise comparison according to a set of criteria that represents the seven domains of the ISO 26000 norm (ISO 26000—Guidance on social responsibility, 2010). This method is based on the outranking aggregation approach ELECTRE III. A practical example is used to illustrate two methods of governance assessment. 相似文献
546.
This paper examines the impact of the clean development mechanism (CDM) on China??s progress in building a resource-efficient and environmentally friendly society, referred to as a dual-goal society. It presents China??s CDM activities from the perspective of policy directions, administrative arrangements and capacity building as well as outlines the regional trends and distribution of CDM projects across China??s 30 provinces. Based on regression analysis of 2006?C2009 panel data, the research was able to provide estimates at provincial level of the impacts of CDM activities on China??s CO2 emission intensity, SO2 emission intensity and industrial dust emission intensity. The study concludes that the active CDM projects are mainly located in the less-developed central and west China where they have provided increased opportunities for sustainable development. Furthermore, the successful implementation of CDM projects across the country has significantly decreased the emission intensity of CO2, SO2 and industrial dust, which means that these activities have enhanced China??s ability to build the desired dual-goal society. 相似文献
547.
Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) is an exotic annual grass invading rangelands in the western United States. Medusahead is a serious management
concern because it decreases biodiversity, reduces livestock forage production, and degrades the ecological function of rangelands.
Despite the obvious importance of ranchers as partners in preventing and managing medusahead in rangelands, little is known
about their perceptions and behaviors concerning medusahead management. We present the results of a survey of ranchers operating
on sagebrush steppe rangeland in a three-county area in southeast Oregon encompassing over 7.2 million ha. The primary objective
of this research was to determine if the presence of medusahead on a ranch influenced its operator’s perceptions and behaviors
concerning invasive plant control and prevention. Ranchers operating on medusahead-infested rangeland were more likely to
indicate increased awareness and concern about medusahead and the potential for its continued expansion. Ranchers operating
on rangeland invaded by medusahead were also more likely to indicate use of measures to prevent the spread of medusahead and
other invasive plants on rangeland, interest in educational opportunities concerning invasive annual grass management, and
plans for controlling invasive annual grasses in the future. This study revealed an alarming trend in which individuals are
less likely to implement important prevention measures and participate in education opportunities to improve their knowledge
of invasive plants until they directly experience the negative consequences of invasion. Information campaigns on invasive
plants and their impacts may rectify this problem; however, appropriate delivery methods are critical for success. Web- or
computer-based invasive plant information and tools were largely unpopular among ranchers, whereas traditional forms of information
delivery including brochures/pamphlets and face-to-face interaction were preferred. However, in the future web- or computer-based
information may become more popular as ranchers become more familiar with them. 相似文献
548.
Maintaining the Conservation Value of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes Requires Spatially Explicit Interventions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fallow vegetation within landscapes dominated by shifting cultivation represents a woody species pool of critical importance
with considerable potential for biodiversity conservation. Here, through the analysis of factors that influence the early
stages of fallow vegetation regrowth in two contrasting forest margin landscapes in Southern Cameroon, we assessed the impact
of current trends of land use intensification and expansion of the cultivated areas, upon the conservation potential of shifting
cultivation landscapes. We combined the analysis of plot and landscape scale factors and identified a complex set of variables
that influence fallow regrowth processes in particular the characteristics of the agricultural matrix and the distance from
forest. Overall we observed a decline in the fallow species pool, with composition becoming increasingly dominated by species
adapted to recurrent disturbance. It is clear that without intervention and if present intensification trends continue, the
potential of fallow vegetation to contribute to biodiversity conservation declines because of a reduced capacity, (1) to recover
forest vegetation with anything like its original species composition, (2) to connect less disturbed forest patches for forest
dependent organisms. Strategies to combat biodiversity loss, including promotion of agroforestry practices and the increase
of old secondary forest cover, will need not only to operate at a landscape scale but also to be spatially explicit, reflecting
the spatial pattern of species reservoirs and dispersal strategies and human usage across landscapes. 相似文献
549.
550.
Ethics,Narrative, and Agriculture: Transforming Agricultural Practice through Ecological Imagination
The environmental degradation caused by industrial agriculture, as well as the resulting social and health consequences, creates
an urgency to rethink food production by expanding the moral imagination to include agricultural practices. Agricultural practices
presume human use of the earth and acknowledge human dependence on the biotic community, and these relations mean that agriculture
presents a separate set of considerations in the broader field of environmental ethics. Many scholars and activists have argued
persuasively that we need new stories to rethink agricultural practice, however, the link—the story that does and can shape
agricultural practice—has not yet been fully articulated in environmental discourse. My analysis explores how language has
shaped existing agricultural models and, more important, the potential of story to influence agricultural practice. To do
this, I draw upon cognitive theory to illustrate how metaphoric and narrative language structures thought and influences practice,
beginning with my contention that industrial agriculture relies on a discourse of mechanistic relations between humans and
a passive earth, language that has naturalized the chemically intensive monocultures prevalent in much of the American Midwest.
However, alternative agricultures, including organic agriculture, agro-ecology, and ecological agriculture, emphasize qualities
such as interdependence and reciprocity and do so as a deliberate response to the perceived inadequacies of industrial agriculture
and its governing narrative. Exploring the different discourses of agricultural systems can help us think through different
modalities for human relations with the biotic community and demonstrate story’s potential role in altering practice. 相似文献