Nitrogen mass flow in China's animal production system and environmental implications

China's economic boom in recent decades has stimulated consumer demand for animal products and consequently, a vast expansion in animal production. From 1978 to 2006, the number of animals increased by 322% for pigs, 209% for poultry, and 2770% for dairy cattle. The objective of the present study was to quantify nitrogen mass flow in China's animal production system at the national scale and to elucidate potential environmental implications. A comprehensive analysis was performed combining statistical records with data from the scientific literature and supplemental survey information. Results indicate that approximately 18 Mt of N flowed through the Chinese animal production system in 2006. Nitrogen input to the system was from various feed materials, including 6.8 Mt (38% of total) from roughage, 4.4 Mt (24%) from byproducts, 2.3 Mt (13%) from cereal grains, and 1.6 Mt (9%) each from crop residues and oilseed cakes, with the remaining N (16%) obtained from other feedstuffs. Nitrogen outputs from the system included edible animal products (2.4 t, 13% of total), nonedible animal parts (e.g., bones, skins) (3.8 Mt, 21%), and excreta (12 Mt, 66%). At the national level, the excreta would average 28 Mg (as excreted) and 90 kg N ha(-1) of cropland. However, at the provincial level, it varied from 1 Mg ha(-1) (5 kg N ha(-1)) in Qinghai to 97 Mg ha(-1) (243 kg N ha(-1)) in Sichuan. In regions with excreta in the intermediate rate (e.g., Hebei Province, 115 kg N ha(-1)) or high rare (e.g., Sichuan Province, 243 kg N ha(-1)), animal manure contributes significantly to nutrients polluting groundwater and/or surface waters. It is crucial for China to develop and implement proper management practices to maximum the beneficial use of the 12 Mt excreta N while minimizing its environmental footprint.     

水体富营养化综合水质模型及其应用研究

针对水体富营养化问题，探讨了一种多参数水体富营养化的水质生态模型（ＷＡＳＰ４）。在阐述其原理和计算方法的基础上结合汉江武汉段１９９２年性水华事件的实例进行水质模型，其特点是，不仅能够较好地模拟浮游植物的变化过程。而且能够提供发生水华问题的原因和生态机理的解释。     

碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统效能影响

研究以SBBR为对象,考察碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统污泥产率和污水处理效能的影响。研究结果表明,在水温为25℃,挂膜密度为45%,负荷为4.0 kg COD/(m3填料·d),供气量为150 L/h,采用间歇曝气30 min/停曝30 min的方波供氧条件下,碳源种类对原位生物解偶联污泥减量系统效能影响显著。当进水有机质为葡萄糖时,系统污泥产率最小,为0.0292 kg MLSS/kg COD,分别比进水碳源为粪水、乙酸钠、淀粉时减少19.4%、64.8%和99.9%。碳源为葡萄糖时,系统出水COD、NH4+-N、TN分别为41、6.4和17.3 mg/L,可达标排放。     

Bio-SR工艺去除硫化氢气体的研究

采用Bio-SR工艺,利用铁盐吸收与氧化亚铁硫杆菌的联合作用对H2S进行脱除实验。通过改进微生物的培养条件,减少了83.9%的沉淀量,一定程度上解决了挂膜后生物填料塔易堵塞的问题,保证了填料塔的连续运行。在实验选取工况下,硫化氢脱除率可达到98.4%以上,当吸收液中Fe3+浓度为5.5～6 g/L、H2S进气浓度为1 g/m3、通气量为0.08～0.12 m3/h时效果最佳,反应器可持续高效地运行。此外,对进气浓度、通气量与硫化氢去除率之间的相关性进行了进一步研究,其结果有利于反应器及运行参数的优化设计。     

Metagenomic insights into responses of microbial population and key functional genes to fulvic acid during partial nitritation

The long-term impact of fulvic acid (FA) on partial nitritation (PN) system was initially examined in this study. The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR nearly 100%) and ammonium removal rate (ARR 56.85%), while FA over 50 mg/L decreased ARR from 56.85% to 0.7%. Sludge characteristics analysis found that appropriate FA (<50 mg/L) exposure promoted the settling performance and granulation of PN sludge by removing Bacteroidetes and accumulating Chloroflexi. The analysis of metagenomics suggested that the presence of limited FA (0-50 mg/L) stimulated the generation of NADH, which favors the denitrification and nitrite reduction. The negative impact of FA on the PN system could be divided into two stages. Initially, limited FA (50-120 mg/L) was decomposed by Anaerolineae to stimulate the growth and propagation of heterotrophic bacteria (Thauera). Increasing heterotrophs competed with AOB (Nitrosomonas) for dissolved oxygen, causing AOB to be eliminated and ARR to declined. Subsequently, when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L, Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced, resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered. Nevertheless, the ammonium transformation pathway was suppressed because genes amoABC and hao were obviously reduced, leading to the deterioration of reactor performance. Overall, these results provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of PN for the treatment of FA-containing sewage.     

高炉粉尘在铁浴熔融还原发泡过程的研究

确定了在不同条件下铁水熔池熔融还原高炉粉尘发泡过程的曲线.应用试验数据和发泡性能方程,给出了定量描述内生气源发泡过程的发泡和消泡系数、平均发泡寿命和发泡强度等发泡特性参数.由实验结果建议熔池的温度控制在1500℃左右.熔渣中二元碱度在1.2～1.3的范围内,Al₂O₃的含量一般要低于16%,加入高炉粉尘的量不应超过熔渣重量的一半.     

碱性工业废水在燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用

阐述了碱性工业废水脱硫的机理以及p H值、液气比、进气SO2浓度等对脱硫效率的影响。利用碱性工业废水对燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫,其脱硫效率平均可达70%～80%。     

Exploring the influencing factors of carbon neutralization in Chinese manufacturing enterprises

One of the key issues facing the government in achieving carbon neutrality is what methods can be used to effectively reduce carbon emissions. Taking manufacturing enterprises as an example, this paper studies the carbon emission reduction effects of green technology innovation subsidy (GIS), carbon tax (CT), and carbon emission trading (CET). Under the background of social welfare and carbon emission reduction efficiency, we get the results of optimal carbon emission reduction measures in different environments. The results are as follows: (1) In the initial and mature stage of green technology innovation, GIS is the best choice to improve the degree of green manufacturing and maximize social welfare. CT and CET are the best choice to obtain the highest SE (carbon emission reduction efficiency). (2) In the transitional stage, CET and CT can promote the maturity of green technology. However, with the maturity of green technology, the promotion of green technology has weakened. CT is the best choice to achieve the highest SE. (3) When the carbon tax or carbon trading price is at a high or low level, raising the tax rate or carbon trading price can increase the income of enterprises. Therefore, the government should take measures according to the objectives of different stages. When the goal is to maximize social benefits, GIS is the best choice in the initial stage and transition stage, and CET or CT is the best choice in the transition stage. In the initial stage and fertilization stage, when the highest SE, CT, or CET is the best choice, while in the transition stage, CT is the best choice.

     

兰州市银滩湿地小生境沉积物中硅藻的属种分布及特征

通过采集兰州市银滩湿地秋（10月）、冬（12月）两季不同水环境中的表面沉积物,分析鉴定硅藻属种的分布和组合特征。结果表明硅藻优势种随采样点和采样时间发生变化。10月份以Gyrosigma scalproides、Cymatopleura solea var.regula、Navicula viridula var.rostellata、N.simplex、N.exigua、Nitzschia palea、N.angustata var.acuta、Cymbella affinis为相对优势种。12月份以Gyrosigma Parkerii、G.acuminatum、Navicula veneta、N.viridula var.rostellata、Nitzschia angustata var.acuta、N.palea、Cocconeis placentula为相对优势种。银滩湿地在秋季和冬季以指示淡水环境硅藻为主,底栖种和附着型种为特征。出现了一些指示中营养的有机污染种,表明了水质的营养化程度升高。有机质含量、pH、Cl-和P是中营养有机污染种主要的影响因素,表明银滩湿地的富营养化趋势较为明显。     

垃圾填埋场采用钠基膨润土防水毯防渗技术的探讨

目前内蒙古各城市生活垃圾的处置方式,大多采用卫生填埋法。防渗是卫生填埋处理技术的主要标志,它能防止垃圾在填埋过程中产生的渗滤液对水体污染。近几年钠基膨润土防水毯在卫生填埋场中得到快速发展,现已部分或全部取代粘土防渗层。本文主要从工程施工、质量、造价等分析膨润毯取代粘土防渗层的优势以及采用粘土防渗层对生态环境产生的不利影响。