多氯代二苯并-对-二噁的微生物降解

从多氯代二苯并-对-二噁(PCDDs)污染的土壤和含氧沉积物中分离筛选出8株降解PCDDs的菌株,均能以一氯代和二氯代二为单一碳源和能源生长并使其降解,多数几乎不能降解三氯代二噁.但是,用邻二氯苯作为初级营养共代谢物,可以增强菌株对较高氯代二噁(如三氯代和四氯代二噁)的降解能力.利用所筛选菌株中的1株,经鉴定为假单胞菌EE41(Pseudomonas sp.EE41).降解试验结果表明,1,2,3-TrCDD在浓度为1.2mg/L时3周内可降解33%,2,3,7,8-TCDD在0.1 mg/L时3周内最多可降解37.8%.试验的高氯代二噁(pCDD,H6-CDD,H7-CDD和OCDD)则只被菌体强烈吸收并积累,却不能被降解.     

云南稻核心种质F2主要形态性状变异及地理生态研究

种质资源是水稻育种的重要基因来源.掌握育种材料遗传背景信息,可为发掘优异种质,选育优良性状新品种提供依据.以548份云南稻核心种和云南主栽籼稻品利慎屯502(Oryza satica)、粳稻品种合系35(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F2(498份)为材料,采用群体遗传学的方法,研究云南稻核心种质杂种F2代的11个形态性状的综合变异系数、遗传多样性指数(Shannon指数)及其地理分布.结果表明:(1)F2存在明显的性状分化和遗传变异,以有效穗、穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、秕粒数、总粒数和结实率的综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;(2)滇西南(临沧、思茅、德宏、西双版纳)和滇东南(文山、红河)的材料在表型性状上存在更大的分化,综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;保山、昭通、曲靖次之;怒江、丽江、迪庆、大理最低.     

威海市区黑松林群落的物种多样性特征

用3个丰富度指数、2个多样性指数和3个均匀度指数对威海市区11个黑松林群落多样性进行研究,并用相关分析研究了这些指数间的关系,结果表明:(1)黑松混交林群落的丰富度和多样性均高于黑松纯林群落,但均匀度却无此规律;(2)生境最优的黑松+刺槐+麻栎林(位于仙姑顶的样地11)在11个样地中的物种多样性表现最好,丰富度、多样性和均匀度都最大.而生境最差的位于火炬大厦的黑松纯林(样地2)群落的丰富度和多样性指数都最小;(3)除样地2外,其余样地群落的草本层丰富度和多样性都最大,灌木层次之,乔木层最小,均匀度无此规律;(4)3个丰富度指数之间、2个多样性指数之间以及两个Pielou均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性,但Alatalo均匀度指数和其它7个指数之间相关性都不显著,同时对8个物种多样性指数进行比较后发现丰富度指数中Patrick指数(S)最优,而多样性指数中Shannon-Wiener(H)最优,均匀度指数中以H为基础计算出的Pielou(JH)指数最优.     

鼎湖山格木种群动态分析

对格木(Erythrophleum fordii)种群的生态环境及生长曲线和种群动态的研究,能揭示其生态特性和种群发展轨迹,对保护、繁殖这一珍稀植物种质具有积极的意义.在对鼎湖山国家自然保护区内的格木群落物种多样性测定的基础上,以国际上通用的CTFS规范对格木群落进行野外调查.文章首次通过对格木种群运用加速单纯形迭代法,逐次把种群数量数据代入6个种群动态模型方程进行拟合分析,得出实际的格木种群动态模型,比较残差平方和、决定系数和F检验显著性概率值,得出格木种群模型的适用度顺序依次为:李新运模型、张大勇模型、宋丁全模型、logistic模型、密度制约模型、崔启武模型.选用李新运模型,确定格木种群大小初始值的精确值N0后,把数据迭代入李新运模型重新拟合,结果显示,拟合优度进一步提高,并且可得知,该格木种群远未达到种群饱和态,而且也没达到种群增长最快处,还处于加速增长状态.故这个时期应该加大保护力度,建立监测体系,以维系格木群落的稳定发展.     

云南粳稻核心种质杂种后代孕穗期耐冷性研究

以236份云南地方粳稻核心种质和云南主栽梗稻Oryza satica品种合系35配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2为材料,在昆明自然低温平均17.8℃(冷害)条件下,对亲本及其后代进行孕穗期耐冷性研究.结果表明:①亲本耐冷性状间的相关性明显高于其杂种后代,不同世代间总体趋势为随着回交世代增加其性状间相关性减弱.在亲本及其杂种后代间耐冷指标性状穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率均呈较高的(≥0.370)极显著(n=236,R0.01=0.181)相关.②株高、穗颈长、穗下节长等耐冷性状在亲本强弱耐冷系统群间的差异明显,表现为亲本耐冷性强的材料秆和穗较长、穗粒数较多,同一性状变异程度减小.但随着回交代数的增加,这些性状的平均值逐渐趋同于轮回亲本,差异减小.③穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率在5个稻作区间的变化规律呈现一致性,亲本和F5的差异较大,而BC2F4、BC2F3和BC3F2的差异较小,且趋同于轮回亲本.通过连续回交,在BC3F1即可获得耐冷性状表现良好的材料.     

湿法烟气脱硫环境下亚硫酸钙强制催化氧化的研究

采用机械搅拌槽式反应器,对湿法烟气脱硫环境进行模拟以研究锰催化对亚硫酸钙氧化的影响。实验得出:湿法烟气脱硫环境下,当槽内亚硫酸钙浆液浓度很小时,锰离子催化氧化对SIV浓度是1.5级,对Mn2+浓度是0.5 级;随着亚硫酸钙浆液增加至某一浓度后,氧化反应开始遵循并行反应机理,即氧化反应包括SIV离子的非催化氧化反应和SIV离子的锰离子催化氧化反应,且锰离子的催化氧化反应对Mn2+浓度是0.5级。文中提出的氧化反应速率的试验公式可以用来对湿法烟气脱硫中的氧化过程进行模拟。     

Enhancement of solubilization and acidification of waste activated sludge by pretreatment

The effects of various pretreatment methods, including thermo-acid, thermo-alkaline, ultrasonic-alkaline and ultrasonic-acid, on solubilization and subsequent acidification efficiency of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. The results showed that both thermo-alkaline and ultrasonic-alkaline significantly improved the solubilization of WAS at a high concentration (7.4% of total solids). Solubilization of volatile solids (VS) and crude protein was 60.2-61.6% and 66.8-67.5%, respectively. Thermo-alkaline or ultrasonic-alkaline pretreatment also enhanced the efficiency of subsequent WAS acidification. Experimental results showed that they had similar effects on the acidification of WAS. The conversion ratio from VS to total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) was 0.230 in the case of the ultrasonic-alkaline pretreatment. Through this pretreatment, the level of TVFAs was 68% more than the untreated WAS after 252 h of fermentation. The mechanism of TVFAs production under different pretreatment methods was further investigated and the results indicated that soluble protein was the main substrate for TVFAs production from the WAS after the thermo-alkaline or ultrasonic-alkaline pretreatment.     

1—硝基芘对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

酿要用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,研究了１－硝基芘对斜生栅藻生长的影响,得到了１－ＮＰ抑制斜生栅藻生长的ＥＣ５０（９６ｈ）为０．１８２４ｍｇ．１＾－１,实验结果还表明,１－ＮＰ对藻生长的抑制作用随时间的延长而增加,抑制物性表现为特久且强度大,抑制机理为不可逆性抑制。     

天然水体沉积物对重金属离子的吸附特性

本文运用表面络合模式，研究了江西乐安江下游黄龙庙沉积物的吸附特性，测定了样品对重金属ＣＵ，ｃＤ的吸附等温线和ＰＨ吸附突跃曲线；应用ＦＩＴＥＱＯ程序计算了沉积物的表面固有吸附常数；对恒定容量模式，扩散层模式和三层模式在天然水体沉积物中的应用进行了比较。     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.