喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵病害类型及特征研究∗

以喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵作为研究对象,基于现场典型病害调查数据,系统论述了喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵病害类型、发育特征以及影响因素,提出了相应的病害整治措施建议。调查结果显示,喜马拉雅山区公路桥梁上部结构梁板铰接缝与翼缘渗水泛碱病害和桥面铺装病害较为普遍,病害率分别为 25% 和 42%。下部结构的桥墩病害主要表现为基础冲刷(12.5%)、桥台台前护坡和耳墙破损(25%)以及桥台背墙渗水、腐蚀、掏空(29.17%)。桥梁附属构造物常见病害为伸缩缝病害、锥坡病害以及导流工程病害等,其中 62.5% 的桥梁病害出现在伸缩缝位置。涵洞的主要病害主要有涵洞盖板和翼墙开裂倾斜、涵洞进出口堵塞、波纹管涵断裂以及涵背跳车,并且大约 60% 的涵洞病害位于多年冻土区涵洞进出口位置。公路桥涵工程病害主要是由于环境因素(气候环境、地形地貌、人类活动)和工程因素(设计、施工、养护、建筑材料)所致。因此,建议建立喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵病害数据库,形成 “空-天-地”一体化综合监测系统,研发病害防治新技术,做好定期养护维修,提高公路桥涵的服役性能。     

气候变化背景下人类活动对承德接坝区植被净初级生产力的影响

承德接坝区位于农牧过渡区,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.以植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为评价指标,基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算潜在NPP和MODIS NPP遥感影像获取实际NPP数据,利用潜在NPP与实际NPP间的差值衡量人类活动作用下NPP的大小,运用Slope趋势和变异系数法分析实际NPP、潜在NPP和人类活动作用下NPP的变化趋势及稳定性分布,并采用相关系数法分析实际NPP与年降水量和年均气温间的相关性,最终量化气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被变化的影响.结果表明,潜在NPP自西北向东南递增,其变化趋势和稳定性均为自西向东递增.实际NPP与年降水量和年均气温呈正相关区域面积占比分别是99.87%和91.66%.该区域99.85%的植被得到改善且变化稳定,主要是由气候因素和人类活动共同主导(99.71%),而植被退化完全是由人为因素所导致(0.15%).     

天然海水中铜离子的添加对EH40钢腐蚀的影响

目的 研究天然海水中添加1.5、15 mmol/L铜离子对EH40钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物形貌及成分的影响规律,并揭示其作用机制.方法 采用天然海水实验室挂片的方式进行4周的腐蚀实验,定期对试样进行表征,并检测海水环境参数.结果 在海水中添加1.5、15 mmol/L铜离子后,EH40钢的腐蚀速率加快,同时表面腐蚀产物出现特殊分层现象,并包含铜单质层.结论 海水中添加1.5、15 mmol/L铜离子,对EH40钢腐蚀的促进作用主要通过三种机制,铜离子水解形成酸性腐蚀环境、铁和铜离子的置换反应消耗试样基体、Fe-Cu电偶腐蚀池加速阳极铁的溶解.     

Removal of refractory organics and heavy metals in landfill leachate concentrate by peroxi-coagulation process

Landfill leachate is a complex effluent and it is difficult to deal with. Electrochemical methods have been considered as a promising alternative technology for treatment of landfill leachate with refractory organic contaminants and heavy metals. Peroxi-coagulation (PC) process with iron anode and modified graphite felt cathode was developed for efficient landfill leachate concentrate treatment. Compared to electro-Fenton (EF) and electrocoagulation (EC) processes, the PC process was more cost-effective due to the combined action of ^•OH oxidation and iron hydroxides coagulation. A maximal TOC removal of 77.2% ± 1.4% was obtained after 360 min at initial pH = 5.0 and current density of 10 mA/cm². After the PC process, concentrations of all seven heavy metals in the final effluents were below the allowable emission limits given by the present regulatory standards. The method preference for heavy metal removal was PC > EC > EF. Based on the three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with regional integration analysis during the PC treatment, the florescence peaks of both humic acids and fulvic acids disappeared after treatment for 360 min. Decreasing trends were observed in the fluorescent regional standard volumes for aromatic protein I (31.4%), aromatic protein II (63.7%), fulvic acid-like (69.5%), soluble microbial by-product-like (75%) and humic acid-like regions (76.3%). The results indicate that comparing to the EF and EC process, the PC process provide a promising and more cost-effective alternative for the treatment of landfill leachate concentrate.     

Types of community-focused organisations for disaster risk reduction in the Longmen Shan Fault area

In the past 10 years, both the Wenchuan earthquake (2008, Magnitude?=?8.0) and the Lushan earthquake (2013, Magnitude?=?7.0) struck in the Longmen Shan Fault area, causing extraordinary human and economic losses. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the Chinese government began promoting the Community for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (CDPM) project nationwide to enhance community-level disaster-resistance capacities. Due to post-earthquake demand, CDPM construction in the Longmen Shan Fault area involved many diverse organisations, each of which had different organisational leadership models, which greatly influenced the CDPM characteristics and mechanisms. From long-term field research in 23 CDPM organisations in Longmen Shan Fault area, four types of CDPM organisations were found, including eight Government-oriented CDPM, six Resident-oriented CDPM, seven NGO-oriented CDPM and two Enterprise-oriented CDPM, forming a multiple organisation-oriented CDPM (M-CDPM) model. As there was only 85?km between the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake epicentres, many of the hardest-hit regions were the same; therefore, most CDPM organisations examined in this study were established after the Wenchuan earthquake and their effectiveness was tested in the Lushan earthquake. Therefore, research on the M-CDPM gives valuable information and provides a practical perspective for community-level disaster risk reduction.     

大豆膳食纤维改性及其对阳离子染料吸附特性

对大豆膳食纤维进行了羧甲基化改性,并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构进行了表征.研究了羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维用量、吸附时间、吸附温度、溶液pH值等因素对其吸附亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和品红效果的影响.结果表明,当吸附温度为25℃、羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维浓度为20 mg/L、溶液pH值为6.8和吸附时间为60 min时,羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维对亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和品红的去除率分别达到96.4％、95.6％和94.7％.另外,此吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型.     

2016-2020年成都市大气质量变化特征及健康风险评价

本文基于成都市2016—2020年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3浓度监测数据,运用主成分分析(PCA)和复合污染特征分析污染物特征及来源,并采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的健康风险,结果表明:2016-2020年成都市除O3外其余5种大...     

紫露草微核法与化学分析法监测河流污水的对比试验

村河、板桥坊河、娄山河、湾头河)入海口断面水质污染情况进行监测,并与化学分析法作了对比.监测结果:五条河的污水对紫露草花粉母细胞染色体都有损伤作用,引起染色体断裂,在四分体时期产生微核,污水高度有毒时,使部分四分体细胞死亡.从四分体时期产生的微核率作为污染程度指标.得出娄山河污染最重,其次是李村河、海泊河,较轻的是板桥坊河、湾头河.与化学法测定多种污染物再进行统计处理.来评价各河口水质污染状况,取得了基本一致结果.此法是监测污水行之有效的一种生物法,其方法简单、经济、方便,能在短时间内测出水质污染程度,可作为理化方法评价环境污染的一种补充方法.