针铁矿与胡敏酸的交互作用及其复合物的稳定性

用碱溶-酸沉淀法制备了针铁矿-胡敏酸复合物.XRD分析表明,复合物的衍射峰都可归属于针铁矿,但其峰强度略弱于针铁矿单体.TEM图像显示,复合物中针铁矿表面包被了形貌不规则的胡敏酸颗粒.与针铁矿和胡敏酸两种单体的IR图谱比较,复合物中羧酸根(COO~-)反对称振动和铁羟基(≡Fe—OH)伸缩振动的频率分别降低了20 cm~(-1)和9 cm~(-1),缔合羟基(H—O····H—O)的振动频率升高了10 cm~(-1),羧酸C—O键的伸缩振动和游离羟基的吸收峰都基本消失.这表明针铁矿表面Fe原子与胡敏酸结构中羧基之间的单齿配位以及针铁矿表面≡Fe—OH与胡敏酸中游离羟基之间的氢键都是二者之间的主要交互作用机制.TG/DTG分析显示,针铁矿单体和复合物中≡Fe—OH的失重峰分别为258℃和276℃,表明胡敏酸的包被作用增强了针铁矿的热稳定性;与胡敏酸单体比较,复合物中脂肪族和芳香族有机质的失重峰温度分别降低了60℃和26℃,且复合物中脂肪族与芳香族有机质的失重量之比明显增大.可见,胡敏酸组分中热稳定性较差的脂肪族组分更容易与针铁矿胶结形成复合物.样品的悬浮液超声分散处理后,胡敏酸和针铁矿单体中大颗粒(2μm)的含量都明显减少;复合物中大颗粒的尺寸和含量的变化却较小.这表明超声分散处理不易破坏复合物中针铁矿与胡敏酸间的胶结作用.     

2008年湖南两次暴雪灾害过程初步分析

针对2008年湖南低温冰冻雨雪极端灾害天气的两次暴雪天气过程,利用多种气象资料进行了诊断分析,结果表明：稳定的大气层结、持续的水汽输送、有利的动力条件导致了降水的产生,促进了冰冻发展。     

Variable Source Area Hydrology Modeling with the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

In nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration‐excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re‐infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP‐UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP‐UI to convex, concave, and S‐shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation‐excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation‐excess and infiltration‐excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.     

Effect of current density on groundwater arsenite removal performance using air cathode electrocoagulation

• With the same charge, current density had little effect on As(III) removal in ACEC. • ACEC had the lowest energy consumption compared with EC/O₂ or EC/N₂. • There was a trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. • The ·OH concentration in ACEC was 1.5 times of that in the EC/O₂ system. Naturally occurring arsenic enrichment in groundwater poses a huge threat to human health. Air cathode electrocoagulation (ACEC) has recently been proposed to enhance As(III) oxidation and lower energy consumption. In this study, ACEC, EC/O₂ and EC/N₂ were evaluated with different current densities from 1 to 8 mA/cm² to investigate the effect on As(III) removal in different redox environments. Current density had no appreciable effect on arsenic removal efficiency given the same charge in ACEC because the concentration ratio of Fe/H₂O₂ under different current densities remained stable. However, in EC/O₂ and EC/N₂, As(III) removal was inhibited at higher current densities (4–8 mA/cm²), likely because more Fe(II) competed with As(III) for the oxidant, leading to less effective oxidation of As(III). In all EC systems, the ·OH units generated per power consumption reached the highest value at the lowest current density. Compared with other EC systems, the ACEC system showed lower energy consumption at all current densities due to the low energy consumption of the electrode reaction and more free radical generation. A lower current density saved more energy at the expense of time, showing the trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. The operation costs for As(III) removal under optimal conditions were calculated as 0.028 $/m³ for ACEC, 0.030 $/m³ for EC/O₂, and 0.085 $/m³ for EC/N₂     

Detection of amount and activity of living algae in fresh water by dehydrogenase activity (DHA)

A study was performed to determine the amount and activity of living algae in fresh water by measuring the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of algae in order to provide a method to assess the effect of algicide treatment. The conditions of measurement were researched with respect to incubating temperature and duration, and selection of extractants. The comparison between this method and an alternative method, chlorophyll a, shows that this method is simple and easy to practice, and can determine the effect of algicide treatment.