成都市大气能见度变化特征及影响因子研究

利用MICAPS 2008—2011年地面观测资料,分析了成都市区大气能见度的变化特征。以2009年成都地区一次低能见度天气过程为例,分析大气能见度与各气象要素的变化关系,讨论影响成都市大气能见度变化的主要因素。结果表明:近年来伴随着霾天数的逐年下降,成都市区年平均大气能见度呈上升趋势,夏季平均值最高,春季次之,冬季最低。高湿和低风速是造成成都市低能见度现象的主要气象条件。PM2.5的浓度与成都市大气能见度呈显著负相关,PM2.5浓度的快速增长是造成大气能见度急剧降低的重要原因。有效降低PM2.5浓度,减少大气污染物排放,是改善成都市区大气能见度的有效途径。     

北京市城市屋面径流特征研究

对北京市城区不同功能区和不同类型的屋面进行三场降雨径流监测,并分析屋面径流污染过程和水质特征。采用降雨径流污染物平均浓度(EMC)分析评价径流污染程度,结果表明径流水质与屋面材质、降雨强度等因素有关,沥青屋面污染较重,降雨强度越大,径流水质越差;三场降雨中污染物浓度随降雨历时总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,初期径流水质较差,存在明显的初始冲刷现象。     

江苏省饮用水水源地突发环境事件分析及对策建议

分析了近年来江苏省几起典型的饮用水水源地突发环境事件及其特点,指出,结构性、布局性突发环境事件风险突出,交通运输带来的环境风险仍在凸显,企业非法排污产生的环境风险不小,饮用水水源地监测预警手段不足,联合治水模式尚未形成,流域性环境风险防控机制尚未建立。提出,应开展饮用水水源地突发环境事件风险评估,健全突发环境事件监控预警网络,健全饮用水水源地突发环境事件联防联控机制,加强饮用水水源地突发环境事件应急处置技术研究,加快产业机构调整和备用水源地建设。     

拉萨巴嘎雪湿地土壤重金属分布及生态风险评价

巴嘎雪湿地是西藏拉萨河流域的代表性湿地之一.文章为了解巴嘎雪湿地的重金属分布特征,在2018年10月采集了巴嘎雪湿地的表层土壤样品,对土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Hg重金属的含量进行了检测.巴嘎雪湿地表层土壤的重金属污染评价采用的方法主要包括内梅罗综合污染指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法....     

中国不同尺度大气污染物排放清单编制工作综述

大气污染物排放清单的编制可以直观表现清单编制地区的污染源状况,为政府制定污染物防控措施提供科学依据。在查阅大量文献的基础上,从清单方法学、区域和城市排放、清单不确定性3个方面对中国大部分地区的大气污染物排放清单编制工作进行了汇总整理。提出了未建立符合我国国情的排放因子和活动水平数据库、排放清单分辨率和不确定性研究水平不高、缺少对不发达地区的清单编制等问题。建议统筹排放清单编制工作,保证基础数据的准确性,逐步建立主要污染物的清单编制技术指南,加强学科间和国际间合作,开拓排放清单新的研究方向。最后,对未来大气污染物排放清单的编制工作提出了展望。     

Accumulation and spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, and Pb in mulberry from municipal solid waste compost following application of EDTA and (NH4)2SO4

Municipal solid waste compost can be used to cropland as soil amendment to supply nutrients and improve soil physical properties. But long-term application of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost may result in accumulation of toxic metals in amended soil. Phytoremediation, especially phytoextraction, is a novel, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach that uses metal-accumulating plants to concentrate and remove metals from contaminated soils. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was applied to metal-contaminated soil to increase the mobility and phytoavailability of metals in soil, thereby increasing the amount of toxic metals accumulated in the upper parts of phytoextracting plants. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the accumulation and spatial distribution of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) in mulberry from MSW compost with the application of EDTA and (NH₄)₂SO₄, (2) to examine the effectiveness of EDTA and (NH₄)₂SO₄ applied together on toxic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) removal by mulberry under field conditions, and (3) to evaluate the potential of mulberry for phytoextraction of toxic metals from MSW compost. The tested plant—mulberry had been grown in MSW compost field for 4 years. EDTA solution at five rates (0, 50, 100, 50 mmol L^?1?+?1 g?L^?1 (NH₄)₂SO₄, and 100 mmol L^?1?+?1 g?L^?1 (NH₄)₂SO₄) was added into mulberry root medium in September 2009. Twenty days later, the plants were harvested and separated into six parts according to plant height. Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in plant samples and MSW compost were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the same treatment, Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations in mulberry shoot were all higher than those in root, and Cd and Pb concentrations in shoot increased from lower to upper parts, reaching the highest in leaves. Significant increases were found in toxic metal concentration in different parts of mulberry with increasing EDTA concentration, especially when combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄. Mulberry exhibited high ability to accumulate Cd with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) higher than 1. EDTA application also significantly increased Cd BCFs. More than 30 % of metal uptake was concentrated in mulberry branches (stem of above 100 cm height) and leaves. Results presented here show that mulberry is a woody plant that has the potential of Cd phytoextraction from MSW compost by removing leaves and cutting branches. The application of EDTA combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄ significantly enhanced the efficiency of mulberry in removing Cd from the compost medium. Adding (NH₄)₂SO₄ into the compost will lower the risk of the exposure of environment to excessive non-biodegradable EDTA in a large-scale EDTA-assisted phytoextraction by reducing the dosage of EDTA. In China, the need for sod is increasing day by day. Sod is often produced on arable soil and sold together with soils. This would lead to the soil being infertile and the soil layer thin. After several times’ production, the soil can no longer be used for cultivating crops and be destroyed. In order to fully utilize MSW compost resources and save valuable soil resources, MSW compost can be used to replace arable soil to produce sod after extraction of toxic metals in it.     

淋洗法去除城市生活垃圾堆肥中重金属

采用淋洗法研究了淋洗剂酸度、螯合剂与表面活性剂对生活垃圾堆肥中重金属的去除效果.结果表明,淋洗剂的酸度对堆肥中重金属的淋出效果不明显,螯合剂与表面活性剂的影响较为显著.随着螫合剂、表面活性剂浓度增加,Mn、Zn和Cu的淋出量有增加的趋势,当DL-苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度为30 mmol/L,Mn的淋出量分别为对照的87和22...     

江西大鄣山夏季鸟类群落多样性研究

2009年6月至2010年8月采用样线法对江西大鄣山夏季鸟类资源及其生境分布状况进行调查,并计算其物种多样性、均匀性、优势度及不同生境群落间的相似性。共记录江西大鄣山夏季鸟类13目31科78种,其中留鸟45种,夏候鸟21种,冬候鸟7种,旅鸟5种;其中国家二级保护鸟类6种,省级保护鸟类22种;结果表明：东洋种鸟类占有明显优势（500%）,古北种次之（282%）,广布种占218%。白头鹎（〖WTBX〗Pycnonotus sinensis）和白腰文鸟（Lonchura striata〖WTBZ〗）为当季优势种。6种群落类型中,Shannon Weiner指数与Simpson指数排序均为：阔叶林>农田居民区>针阔混交林>溪流水域>灌木草丛>针叶林。Pielou指数排序为:针阔混交林>溪流水域>阔叶林>农田居民区>灌木草丛>针叶林。Sorenson指数中阔叶林 针阔混交林（〖WTBX〗S〖WTBZ〗=048）为最高。研究结果可为当地森林管理和鸟类保护提供依据     

MBR的工艺优势及应用发展

MBR被认为是21世纪最有发展前景的高新技术之一,被研究用于各种污水的治理。但MBR存在缺点,那就是膜污染问题,膜污染问题是阻碍MBR发展和更广泛使用的最大障碍。     

有机肥-镉-锌交互作用对土壤镉锌形态和小麦生长的影响

模拟不同镉锌污染与有机肥(猪厩肥)施用水平,进行春小麦盆栽试验,采用Tessier法测试土壤中重金属形态.结果表明,复合污染时在同水平Cd(Zn)污染下,外源Zn(Cd)含量的增加使土壤中有效态Cd(Zn)的含量提高,小麦籽粒中Cd(Zn)含量增加(降低),而小麦籽粒产量均下降,差异极显著.施入猪厩肥降低了土壤中有效态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd的含量提高了土壤中有效态Zn、碳酸盐态Zn含量;降低了铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量.小麦籽粒中Zn含量并没有完全随土壤中有效态Zn增加而增加,在Zn/Cd为100～1000的处理中,施用猪厩肥反而降低了小麦籽粒中Zn含量;除Zn/Cd为100～10的处理中小麦籽粒中Cd含量有所下降外,其余处理中,施用猪厩肥小麦籽粒中Cd含量均有所增加.猪厩肥的施用能显著提高Cd、Zn污染土壤中小麦籽粒产量.