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341.
Microbial removal of uranium in uranium-bearing black shale   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Lee JU  Kim SM  Kim KW  Kim IS 《Chemosphere》2005,59(1):147-154
The effects of several conditional factors on efficiency of U bioleaching using an iron-oxidizer, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, from U-bearing black shale (349 mg kg-1 of U) were investigated. When batch-type reactors containing black shale were initially inoculated with the cells, lower pH, higher redox potential and higher amount of aqueous Fe3+ than those of non-inoculated reactor were observed until 200 h. Such development of condition, which was facilitated by microbial activity, can enhance the rate and extent of U leaching from the solid substrate. However, under the condition of enough nutrients and energy source (Fe2+) supplied, indigenous Fe-oxidizers in the non-inoculated black shale were activated over time. They exerted almost same influence on the leaching efficiency with the inoculated samples after 250 h. Low initial Fe2+ supply (5 g l-1) and no addition of inorganic nutrients resulted in nearly identical extent of U leaching with that of 9 g l-1 of initial Fe2+ and nutrients supply. The results indicate that, in a practical process of bioleaching, the expenses for Fe2+ and nutrients addition can be reduced.  相似文献   
342.
The characteristics of ammonia removal by two types of biofilter (a standard biofilter with vertical gas flow and a modified biofilter with horizontal gas flow) were investigated. A mixture of organic materials such as compost, bark, and peat was used as the biofilter media based on the small-scale column test for media selection. Complete removal capacity, defined as the maximum inlet load of ammonia that was completely removed, was obtained. The modified biofilter showed complete removal up to 1.0 g N/kg dry material/day. However, the removal capacity of the standard biofilter started to deviate from complete removal around 0.4 g N/kg dry material/day, indicating that the modified biofilter system has higher removal efficiency than the standard upflow one. In kinetic analysis of the biological removal of ammonia in each biofilter system, the maximum removal rate, Vm, was 0.93 g N/kg dry material/day and the saturation constant, Ks, was 32.55 ppm in the standard biofilter. On the other hand, the values of Vm and Ks were 1.66 g N/kg dry material/day and 74.25 ppm, respectively, in the modified biofilter system.  相似文献   
343.
Lin YJ  Teng LS  Lee A  Chen YL 《Chemosphere》2004,55(6):879-884
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diethylamine and xenon simulated sunlight on the photodegradation of two forms of PCBs including PCBs in transformer oil and PCB congener 138. The result of GC chromatograms illustrated the shifting pattern of higher chlorinated biphenyls in transformer oil degraded to lower chlorinated biphenyls with the extension of exposure time. The effect of diethylamine and xenon simulated sunlight was significant on the photodegradation of both PCBs in transformer oil and congener 138. The initial degradation rates of congener 138 (1.14 x 10(-9) to 4.47 x 10(-9) mol l(-1) h(-1)) were in direct proportion to the initial concentrations of congener 138 which confirmed the pseudo-first-order reaction of PCB photodegradation. The apparent quantum yields (phi) of congener 138 using diethylamine in xenon photoreactor were ranged between 2.08 x 10(-2) and 9.8 x 10(-4). PCB congeners 123, 97, 70, 67, 33, 29, 17, 12, and 9 were detected as the descendants of the photodegradation of congener 138 through dechlorination. The major pathway of congener 138 photodegradation in this study was via para-dechlorination.  相似文献   
344.
Factors affecting EDTA extraction of lead from lead-contaminated soils   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Kim C  Lee Y  Ong SK 《Chemosphere》2003,51(9):845-853
The effects of solution:soil ratio, major cations present in soils, and the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA):lead stoichiometric ratio on the extraction of lead using EDTA were studied for three different Superfund site soils, one rifle range soil, and one artificially lead-contaminated soil. Extraction of lead from the lead-contaminated soils was not affected by a solution:soil ratio as low as 3:1 but instead was dependent on the quantity of EDTA present. Results of the experiments showed that the extraction efficiencies were different for each soil. If sufficiently large amount of EDTA was applied (EDTA-Pb stoichiometric ratio greater than 10), most of the lead were extracted for all soils tested except for a Superfund site soil from a lead mining area. The differences in extraction efficiencies may be due to the major cations present in soils which may compete with lead for active sites on EDTA. For example, iron ions most probably competed strongly with lead for EDTA ligand sites for pH less than 6. In addition, copper and zinc may potentially compete with lead for EDTA ligand sites. Experimental results showed that addition of EDTA to the soil resulted in a very large increase in metals solubility. The total molar concentrations of major cations extracted were as much as 20 times the added molar concentration of EDTA. For some of the soils tested, lead may have been occluded in the iron oxides present in the soil which may affect lead extraction. While major cations present in the soil may be one of the factors affecting lead extraction efficiency, the type of lead species present also play a role.  相似文献   
345.
The objectives of the present research were (i) to report the mass balance of chlorine during pentachlorophenol (PCP) photodegradation and (ii) to reveal the photodegradation pathway experimentally with a theoretical proof based on the density functional theory (DFT). The chlorine of PCP was completely mineralized to produce chloride ions after 24h of UV irradiation. As intermediates, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol were identified. At least 80% of the chlorine balance during PCP photodegradation was accounted by PCP, these intermediates, and chloride ions. A DFT calculation showed differences in the C-Cl bond dissociation energy level and the positions of respective PCP molecular and the PCP intermediates. The dechlorination intermediates predicted using the calculated C-Cl bond dissociation energy were consistent with those experimentally confirmed, indicating the feasibility of this theoretical method in predicting the dechlorination pathway.  相似文献   
346.
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential applicability of an in situ biological reactive barrier system to treat nitrate-contaminated bank filtrate. The reactive barrier consisted of sulfur granules as an electron donor and autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as a biological component. Limestone was also used to provide alkalinity. The results showed that the autotrophic sulfur oxidizers were successfully colonized on the surfaces of the sulfur particles and removed nitrate from synthetic bank filtrate. The sulfur-oxidizing activity continuously increased with time and then was maintained or slightly decreased after five days of column operation. Maximum nitrate removal efficiency and sulfur oxidation rate were observed at near neutral pH. Over 90% of the initial nitrate dissolved in synthetic bank filtrate was removed in all columns tested with some nitrite accumulation. However, nitrite accumulation was observed mainly during the initial operation period, and the concentration markedly diminished with time. The nitrite concentration in effluent was less than 2 mg-N/l after 12 days of column operation. When influent nitrate concentrations were 30, 40, and 60 mg-N/l and sulfur content in column was 75%, half-order autotrophic denitrification reaction rate constants were 31.73 x 10(-3), 33.3 x 10(-3), and 36.4 x 10(-3) mg(1/2)/l(1/2)min, respectively. Our data on the nitrate distribution profile along the column suggest that an appropriate wall thickness of a reactive barrier for autotrophic denitrification may be 30 cm when influent nitrate concentration is less than 60 mg-N/l.  相似文献   
347.
Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater by addition of bittern   总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30  
Lee SI  Weon SY  Lee CW  Koopman B 《Chemosphere》2003,51(4):265-271
Removal of nitrogen and phosphate through crystallization of struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O) has gained increasing interest. Since wastewaters tend to be low in magnesium relative to ammonia and phosphates, addition of this mineral is usually required to effect the struvite crystallization process. The present study evaluated the feasibility of using bittern, a byproduct of salt manufacture, as a low-cost source of magnesium ions. High reaction rates were observed; the extent of nitrogen and phosphorus removals did not change beyond 10 min. Phosphorus removals from pure solutions with bittern added were equivalent to those obtained with MgCl(2) or seawater. Nitrogen removals with bittern were somewhat lower than with the alternate Mg(2+) sources, however. Application of bittern to biologically treated wastewater from a swine farm achieved high phosphate removal, but ammonia removals were limited by imbalance in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio.  相似文献   
348.
Changes in climate are occurring around the world and the effects on ecosystems will vary, depending on the extent and nature of these changes. In northern Europe, experts predict that annual rainfall will increase significantly, along with dramatic storm events and flooding in the next 50-100 years. Scotland is a stronghold of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera (L.), and a number of populations may be threatened. For example, large floods have been shown to adversely affect mussels, and although these stochastic events were historically rare, they may now be occurring more often as a result of climate change. Populations may also be affected by a number of other factors, including predicted changes in temperature, sea level, habitat availability, host fish stocks and human activity. In this paper, we explain how climate change may impact M. margaritifera and discuss the general implications for the conservation management of this species.  相似文献   
349.
350.
To develop standard toxic gas mixtures, it is essential to identify adsorption characteristics of each toxic gas on the inner surface of a gas cylinder. Thus, this study quantified adsorbed amounts of the four toxic gases (nitric oxide [NO], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and hydrogen chloride [HCl]) on the inner surface of aluminum cylinders and nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. After eluting adsorbed gases on the inside of cylinders with ultrapure water, a quantitative analysis was performed on an ion chromatograph. To evaluate the reaction characteristics of the toxic gases with cylinder materials, quantitative analyses of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) were also performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It was found that the amounts of NO, NO2, and SO2 adsorbed on the inner surface of aluminum cylinders were less than 1.0% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas the signal for most heavy metal elements were below their respective detection limits. This study found that the amounts of HCl adsorbed on the inner surface of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders were less than 5% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas Ni (86 μmol) and Fe (28 μmol) were detected in the same cylinders. It was revealed that the adsorption mainly took place via the reaction of HCl with inner surface material of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. On the other hand, in the case of aluminum cylinders, the amounts of the adsorption were determined to be less than 1% at the level of HCl 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas most of Ni, Fe, and Al were detected at levels similar to their limits of detection. As a result, this study found that aluminum cylinders are more suitable for preparing HCl gas mixtures than nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders.

Implications: To develop a standard toxic gas mixture, it is essential to understand the adsorption characteristics of each toxic gas inside a gas cylinder. It was found that the amounts of NO, NO2, and SO2 adsorbed inside aluminum cylinders were less than 1.0% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio. The amounts of HCl adsorbed inside nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders were less than 5% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas those inside aluminum cylinders were less than 1%, indicating that aluminum cylinders are more suitable for preparing HCl gas mixtures.  相似文献   

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