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Integrating Habitat Status, Human Population Pressure, and Protection Status into Biodiversity Conservation Priority Setting 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
HUA SHI†† ASHIBINDU SINGH† SHASHI KANT ZHILIANG ZHU‡ ERIC WALLER‡§ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(4):1273-1285
Abstract: Priority setting is an essential component of biodiversity conservation. Existing methods to identify priority areas for conservation have focused almost entirely on biological factors. We suggest a new relative ranking method for identifying priority conservation areas that integrates both biological and social aspects. It is based on the following criteria: the habitat's status, human population pressure, human efforts to protect habitat, and number of endemic plant and vertebrate species. We used this method to rank 25 hotspots, 17 megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within each megadiverse country. We used consistent, comprehensive, georeferenced, and multiband data sets and analytical remote sensing and geographic information system tools to quantify habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status. The ranking suggests that the Philippines, Atlantic Forest, Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean Islands, Caucasus, and Indo-Burma are the hottest hotspots and that China, the Philippines, and India are the hottest megadiverse countries. The great variation in terms of habitat, protected areas, and population pressure among the hotspots, the megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within the same country suggests the need for hotspot- and country-specific conservation policies. 相似文献
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Genetic Identification of Spotted Owls, Barred Owls, and Their Hybrids: Legal Implications of Hybrid Identity 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
SUSAN M. HAIG§ THOMAS D. MULLINS ERIC D. FORSMAN† PEPPER W. TRAIL‡ LIV WENNERBERG†† 《Conservation biology》2004,18(5):1347-1357
Abstract: Recent population expansion of Barred Owls ( Strix varia ) into western North America has led to concern that they may compete with and further harm the Northern Spotted Owl ( S. occidentalis caurina ), which is already listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Because they hybridize, there is a legal need under the ESA for forensic identification of both species and their hybrids. We used mitochondrial control-region DNA and amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses to assess maternal and biparental gene flow in this hybridization process. Mitochondrial DNA sequences (524 base pairs) indicated large divergence between Barred and Spotted Owls (13.9%). Further, the species formed two distinct clades with no signs of previous introgression. Fourteen diagnostic AFLP bands also indicated extensive divergence between the species, including markers differentiating them. Principal coordinate analyses and assignment tests clearly supported this differentiation. We found that hybrids had unique genetic combinations, including AFLP markers from both parental species, and identified known hybrids as well as potential hybrids with unclear taxonomic status. Our analyses corroborated the findings of extensive field studies that most hybrids genetically sampled resulted from crosses between female Barred Owls and male Spotted Owls. These genetic markers make it possible to clearly identify these species as well as hybrids and can now be used for research, conservation, and law enforcement. Several legal avenues may facilitate future conservation of Spotted Owls and other ESA-listed species that hybridize, including the ESA similarity-of-appearance clause (section 4[e]) and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act appears to be the most useful route at this time. 相似文献
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LOUISE C. ALLEN AMY S. TURMELLE ERIC P. WIDMAIER NICKOLAY I. HRISTOV GARY F. MCCRACKEN THOMAS H. KUNZ 《Conservation biology》2011,25(2):374-381
Abstract: Since the late 1980s, Brazilian free‐tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) have increasingly used bridges as roosts in the southern United States. We examined differences in blood cortisol levels, body condition, and parasite load, as measures of physiological stress in bats roosting in bridges and bats roosting in caves. We collected data during three periods, coinciding with female phases of reproduction. For all measures, bats were captured during the nightly emergence from the roost and immediately sampled. Cortisol levels were significantly higher during pregnancy and lactation and in individuals with lower body‐condition scores (length of forearm to mass ratio) and significantly higher in bats roosting in caves than in those roosting in bridges. Thus, we concluded that individuals of this species that roost in bridges are not chronically stressed and seem to be unaffected by human activities present at bridges. This is a rare documented instance where a human‐dominated environment does not appear to be adversely affecting the physiological health of a free‐ranging animal. 相似文献
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KATE A. HARDWICK PEGGY FIEDLER LYNDON C. LEE BRUCE PAVLIK RICHARD J. HOBBS JAMES ARONSON MARTIN BIDARTONDO ERIC BLACK DAVID COATES MATTHEW I. DAWS KINGSLEY DIXON STEPHEN ELLIOTT KERN EWING GEORGE GANN DAVID GIBBONS JOACHIM GRATZFELD MARTIN HAMILTON DAVID HARDMAN JIM HARRIS PAT M. HOLMES MEIRION JONES DAVID MABBERLEY ANDREW MACKENZIE CARLOS MAGDALENA ROBERT MARRS WILLIAM MILLIKEN ANTHONY MILLS EIMEAR NIC LUGHADHA MARGARET RAMSAY PAUL SMITH NIGEL TAYLOR CLARE TRIVEDI MICHAEL WAY OLIVER WHALEY STEPHEN D. HOPPER 《Conservation biology》2011,25(2):265-275
Abstract: Many of the skills and resources associated with botanic gardens and arboreta, including plant taxonomy, horticulture, and seed bank management, are fundamental to ecological restoration efforts, yet few of the world's botanic gardens are involved in the science or practice of restoration. Thus, we examined the potential role of botanic gardens in these emerging fields. We believe a reorientation of certain existing institutional strengths, such as plant‐based research and knowledge transfer, would enable many more botanic gardens worldwide to provide effective science‐based support to restoration efforts. We recommend botanic gardens widen research to include ecosystems as well as species, increase involvement in practical restoration projects and training practitioners, and serve as information hubs for data archiving and exchange. 相似文献
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The Ecological Future of the North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation of Wildlife 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ERIC W. SANDERSON KENT H. REDFORD BILL WEBER KEITH AUNE DICK BALDES JOEL BERGER † DAVE CARTER CHARLES CURTIN JAMES DERR STEVE DOBROTT EVA FEARN CRAIG FLEENER STEVE FORREST CRAIG GERLACH C. CORMACK GATES JOHN E. GROSS PETER GOGAN SHAUN GRASSEL JODI A. HILTY MARV JENSEN KYRAN KUNKEL DUANE LAMMERS RURIK LIST KAREN MINKOWSKI TOM OLSON CHRIS PAGUE PAUL B. ROBERTSON BOB STEPHENSON 《Conservation biology》2008,22(2):252-266
Abstract: Many wide-ranging mammal species have experienced significant declines over the last 200 years; restoring these species will require long-term, large-scale recovery efforts. We highlight 5 attributes of a recent range-wide vision-setting exercise for ecological recovery of the North American bison ( Bison bison ) that are broadly applicable to other species and restoration targets. The result of the exercise, the "Vermejo Statement" on bison restoration, is explicitly (1) large scale, (2) long term, (3) inclusive, (4) fulfilling of different values, and (5) ambitious. It reads, in part, "Over the next century, the ecological recovery of the North American bison will occur when multiple large herds move freely across extensive landscapes within all major habitats of their historic range, interacting in ecologically significant ways with the fullest possible set of other native species, and inspiring, sustaining and connecting human cultures." We refined the vision into a scorecard that illustrates how individual bison herds can contribute to the vision. We also developed a set of maps and analyzed the current and potential future distributions of bison on the basis of expert assessment. Although more than 500,000 bison exist in North America today, we estimated they occupy <1% of their historical range and in no place express the full range of ecological and social values of previous times. By formulating an inclusive, affirmative, and specific vision through consultation with a wide range of stakeholders, we hope to provide a foundation for conservation of bison, and other wide-ranging species, over the next 100 years. 相似文献
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Conservation and the Lure of the Garden 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ERIC T. FREYFOGLE 《Conservation biology》2004,18(4):995-1003
Abstract: Among the conservation voices today who seek a sensible "middle ground" in remedying land-use problems are those who propose a tend-the-garden ethic in which humans would merely need to view the earth as a garden and labor to make it productive and beautiful in order to solve conservation challenges. This line of reasoning is exemplified by Michael Pollan's highly praised book, Second Nature , which supports conservation values but harshly criticizes contemporary environmental efforts, including the work of such organizations as The Nature Conservancy. Pollan's portrayal of the gardener as model conservationist is usefully compared with an important essay by Aldo Leopold from a half-century ago, "The Farmer as a Conservationist," which similarly uses a model land tender as exemplar of where conservation needs to head. Comparing the two writings reveals profound flaws in the contemporary tend-the-garden line of thought. In doing so, it usefully reveals to scientists why their efforts are so often misunderstood and resisted. The popularity of tend-the-garden reasoning illustrates how successful the environmental backlash has been in misportraying the motives and aims of serious conservationists, particularly those who seek to protect wildlife and natural habitat. In doing so, it highlights the need for conservationists to take their own ideas more seriously and to do a far better job of presenting those ideas, in coherent form, to broad audiences. 相似文献