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91.
Becky L. Williams Charles T. Hanifin Edmund D. Brodie Jr. Edmund D. Brodie III 《Chemoecology》2012,22(3):179-185
Snakes are common predators of organisms, such as amphibians, with toxic defenses that can be lethal to other predators. Because snakes do not have the option of dissecting prey into edible versus inedible components, they face a full dose of any chemical defenses encountered during attempted predation. This limitation has likely resulted in intense selection favoring the evolution of alternative mechanisms for dealing with prey toxins. These mechanisms can be physiological (e.g., resistance to prey toxins) or behavioral (e.g., toxin sampling and rejection). When physiological resistance arises, the possibility of bioaccumulation of a toxin results. We examined the coevolutionary interaction between the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) and the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa), which contains a powerful neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX). In some populations syntopic with newts, individuals of T. sirtalis have evolved resistance to TTX. We examined the persistence of TTX in T. sirtalis after administration of an oral dose of TTX to investigate the possibility that snakes are sequestering TTX. The half-life of TTX in snake liver was estimated at 8.1?days. Accordingly, clearance of 99% of a single dose of TTX averages 61?days. Negative fitness consequences of intoxication during and after newt consumption may be balanced by co-opting the newts?? chemical defense for protection from the snakes?? own predators. Accounting of the coevolutionary dynamic between snakes and newts must incorporate post-consumption affects of lingering TTX. 相似文献
92.
A comparison of mussels (Perna viridis) and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) was carried out at five sites, representing a gradient of contaminant concentrations, in Hong Kong coastal waters. Mussels, originally collected from a “clean” location, were deployed along with SPMDs at each site for 30 days. Analyses for chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) indicated that SPMDs have potential as monitoring tools, and to some extent can overcome the problems associated with mussels, such as natural variability, differing age, sex, and physical condition. However, in most cases, SPMDs failed to rank the sites in the same order as mussels in terms of contaminant concentrations. Nonetheless, in localities where mussels cannot survive – as shown at Kwun Tong in the present experiment – SPMDs may be valuable in providing an indication of potentially bio-available lipophilic pollutants. 相似文献
93.
Effects of four decades of fire manipulation on woody vegetation structure in Savanna 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Higgins SI Bond WJ February EC Bronn A Euston-Brown DI Enslin B Govender N Rademan L O'Regan S Potgieter AL Scheiter S Sowry R Trollope L Trollope WS 《Ecology》2007,88(5):1119-1125
The amount of carbon stored in savannas represents a significant uncertainty in global carbon budgets, primarily because fire causes actual biomass to differ from potential biomass. We analyzed the structural response of woody plants to long-term experimental burning in savannas. The experiment uses a randomized block design to examine fire exclusion and the season and frequency of burn in 192 7-ha experimental plots located in four different savanna ecosystems. Although previous studies would lead us to expect tree density to respond to the fire regime, our results, obtained from four different savanna ecosystems, suggest that the density of woody individuals was unresponsive to fire. The relative dominance of small trees was, however, highly responsive to fire regime. The observed shift in the structure of tree populations has potentially large impacts on the carbon balance. However, the response of tree biomass to fire of the different savannas studied were different, making it difficult to generalize about the extent to which fire can be used to manipulate carbon sequestration in savannas. This study provides evidence that savannas are demographically resilient to fire, but structurally responsive. 相似文献
94.
Krzysztof Lutoslawski Agnieszka Ryznar-Luty Edmund Cibis Malgorzata Krzywonos Tadeusz Mikiewicz 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(11):1823-1830
Upon aeration, the mixed microbial SCD ProBio OriginalTM culture may be used as the first stage in a two- or multi-stage system for the biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse. 相似文献
95.
Ahmed Zahoor Adebayo Tomiwa Sunday Udemba Edmund Ntom Murshed Muntasir Kirikkaleli Dervis 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(17):24925-24940
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The economic structure of countries can influence economic growth, energy demand, and environmental footprints. However, the literature on economic... 相似文献
96.
Udemba Edmund Ntom Emir Firat Khan Nazakat-Ullah Hussain Sadam 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(39):59104-59117
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - We researched China’s climate and sustainable development goal with relevant and susceptible instruments capable of inducing and mitigating... 相似文献