Comparison of allozyme and mitochondrial DNA spatial differentiation in the limpet Patella vulgata

Allozyme and restriction enzyme analysis of mtDNA was used to study variation in samples from British populations of the marine limpet Patella vulgata in two regions. South Wales and Northeast England. Allozyme analysis revealed significant differences in allele frequencies among samples. However F _ST (population differentiation) values were no higher between than within regions, indicating that genetic heterogeneity was localised and not related to geographic separation. For mtDNA, samples from South Wales exhibited higher haplotype diversity values than samples from Northeast England. In addition there were substantial differences in the haplotype distribution between regions. The value of , the haploid analogoue of F _ST , was low within regions (=0.09) but high between regions (=0.44). The estimated difference in migration rate for allozymes and mtDNA exceed the neutral expectation, unless it is assumed that there are influential differences in the magnitude of female and male gametic dispersal.     

Ecoprofit-Styria-prepare Thirteen pollution prevention case studies in the Styrian industry

The paper focuses upon the organization of a federal state-funded pollution prevention project in the Styrian industry. The project includes 13 companies from the textile, pulp and paper, machine building, wood working and printed circuit board manufacturing industries, covering most of the sectors and sizes in the Styrian industry. It started in January 1994 and will last for one year. It will demonstrate the possibilities of pollution prevention and the need for further research work. This project will make use of the methods and tools that were refined in the Austrian Prepare project. As a first step, a systematic balance of all the inputs and outputs of a company is made, after which the weak points and inefficiencies of material and energy use are identified and the options for improvements, both economical and ecological, are defined. Consequently, modifications in products and production lead to a situation with less waste and emissions. The preliminary lessons from these projects are presented: as a rule, the utilities (consumption of process materials and water, cleaning, energy, preparatory and finishing steps) are treated as black boxes and usually represent a considerable optimization potential. In these areas especially there is usually a lack of information and coordination as well as a need for a systematic and comprehensive approach. Leadership in the company and creative consultants are needed for starting lasting successful pollution prevention projects.     

肯尼亚米达河红树林森林恢复状况:一个受损害的还是有保障的未来?

本文研究了米达河(南纬3°20',东经40°00')两个红树林森林地区(乌永博和基雷普维)带状横断面的红树林植被的结构和恢复型式.     

Insektenpheromone

Pheromones — semiochemicals used by insects for intraspecific chemical communication — can be isolated and with special analytical techniques their chemical structure elucidated. With stereoselective synthesis methods, presented by the preparation of sex attractants and aggregating pheromones of moths and beetles, respectively, a synthetic access to compounds is given which can be used for behavior manipulation of insects. Aside the importance of these compounds for investigations of the sensoric process the possibility of their application in an integrated and biological pest control is discussed.     

A new pheromone of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori

The female silkmoth Bombyx mori L. emits a second pheromone component bombykal (E-10, Z-12-hexade-cadien-1-al) in addition to the well-known sexual attractant bombykol (E-10, Z-12-hexadecadien-1-ol). Bombykal stimulates its own specialized and highly sensitive olfactory cells of the male moth. Surprisingly, the aldehyde inhibits the release of the male's wing-fluttering response to bombykol.     

An investigation of methods for enriching trophoblast from maternal blood

Trophoblast deportation is known to occur in normal human pregnancy, but it is not yet clear whether these cells routinely enter the maternal peripheral circulation and are available as a source of fetal DNA for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. To resolve this issue requires an efficient method of enriching trophoblast from maternal blood combined with a means to confirm its identity. Five different techniques were tested on ten retroplacental blood samples to determine the most sensitive and operator-efficient method. Lysis of red cells alone gave the best recovery of trophoblast but had to be discounted, together with Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, due to the very low purity and the excessive time required. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of pre-enriched trophoblast resulted in the lowest recovery rate (8 per cent) despite a 3250-fold enrichment and a very high purity. Immunomagnetic beads (Dynabeads) coated with anti-CD 16 antibody proved to be the best method for the subsequent immunocytochemical characterization of deported trophoblast. However, IO beads coated with anti-CD45 antibody may be more useful for isolating trophoblast for prenatal diagnosis due to the high purity, enrichment (32-fold), and recovery rate (78 per cent) obtained with this method.     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystinosis utilizing chorionic villus sampling

The prenatal diagnosis of cystinosis is currently based on the increased amount of free-cystine present in amniotic fluid cells. Amniocyte cultures must be grown for at least 2 weeks to obtain sufficient cells for such measurements. Thus, the diagnosis cannot be made until close to 20 weeks gestational age by this method. We report a case in which chorionic villi were used for direct cystine measurement resulting in the in utero diagnosis of cystinosis at 9 weeks gestational age. The diagnosis was confirmed by the study of cultured chorionic villus cells, and of the 10-week abortus.