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81.
Much work has been done to prepare schools and institutions for the immediate effects of earthquakes and other disasters. This paper looks at the preparation needed for medium to long term recovery from the physical and psychological effects of earthquakes. Colegio Madrid, a school of 3,000 students that suffered major damage in the September 1985 Mexico City earthquake serves as the focus of this study. The experiences and actions of faculty, staff, students and parents at this school provide lessons for not only schools, but all institutions and communities which may face the prospect of reconstructing themselves following a disaster. 相似文献
82.
Ryan Plummer Jonas Velaniškis Danuta de Grosbois Reid D. Kreutzwiser Rob de Loë 《Environmental Science & Policy》2010,13(6):535-548
While new environmental policies and procedures often are developed incrementally, they can also result from crises or other significant events. In situations where policies and procedures are introduced in response to a crisis, questions about the strengths and weaknesses of existing mechanisms, and the extent to which they can be used to address concerns, may be ignored. This paper explores the complexities of introducing new policies and processes where planning systems and procedures already exist. Drinking water source protection policies that are being developed in response to the tragic events in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada serve as the context for the inquiry. Three case study watersheds were selected to reflect the diversity of municipal jurisdictions and water supply systems in Ontario. A content analysis was undertaken on regulatory and non-regulatory policy documents to determine the extent to which they addressed elements of the multi-barrier approach for drinking water safety. Findings from the research reveal considerable evidence of the multi-barrier approach in the policy and guiding documents analyzed. Policy development in response to a crisis can advance progress on the issue of drinking water safety and coincide with emerging governance strategies. Policy effectiveness may be enhanced by considering existing policies as well as contextual and jurisdictional differences. 相似文献
83.
Diversity trends in Neogene European ungulates and rodents: large-scale comparisons and perspectives
The ungulate and rodent fossil records are often used independently to understand mammalian evolutionary history. Few studies
have directly compared both records over long time periods and large geographic areas. Here, we compiled two datasets of European
fossil localities containing rodents and/or ungulates over 20 My (Early Miocene–Early Pliocene) and processed the data with
the same methodology. We counted the raw diversity and calculated a measure of evenness (Pielou’s index). After controlling
for potential biases on diversity estimators, we identify the evenness index as a more reliable estimator bringing interesting
insights into the way both mammal groups are structured by biotic or abiotic factors. In this study, we consider that an uneven
distribution of the species richness among families, when only some families successfully diversify within the “continental-scale
community”, represents a lower adaptability of this community to the environmental context. Pielou’s index is used to estimate
this adaptability through time. The responses of ungulates and rodents to environmental changes are very divergent, especially
facing the climatic changes known since the Middle Miocene. The general patterns suggest that rodent broad-scale assemblages
are affected by all kinds of perturbations, even short biotic and abiotic events, but show a better adaptability when facing
long-term abiotic changes. Unlike rodents, the ungulate assemblages show more stability in periods of relative environmental
stability but show less adaptability to long-term climatic changes. Life-history traits of mammals can help explain patterns
of diversity and biogeography at different spatial scales and may probably partly explain the opposite patterns evidenced
here. 相似文献
84.
China has seen rapid economic growth over the past two decades, but severe environmental problems have accompanied this, such as the looming danger of Asian Brown Clouds. This paper analyzes the regional development of China by examining economic performance and environmental factors. Technical efficiency and productivity changes in 31 regions of China are computed for the period 1997–2001. In the case of regional GDP, the fast-developing eastern (coastal) regions experience higher technical efficiency and productivity growth than the inland central and western regions. When environmental factors are incorporated, the eastern regions still perform better than inland regions, both from static and dynamic analysis. This phenomenon is termed the 'double deterioration' of the inland areas in China. Double deterioration is attributed to the lack of economic resources to replace highly-polluting production equipment and technology in those less developed regions. 相似文献
85.
Giovanni Lo Iacono 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2009,9(3):341-357
Rice’s theory for the statistical properties of random noise currents has been employed in the context of concentration fluctuations
in dispersing plumes. Within this context, the theory has been extended to calculate the distribution of excursion times above
a small threshold for arbitrary spacings between an up-crossing and the successive down-crossing. This approach has then been
applied to a second-order stochastic model for the evolution of odour concentrations and their time derivative (simple model),
and to the superstatistics extension of this model [Reynolds (2007) Phys. Fluids]. In agreement with the measurements of Yee and coworkers [Yee et al. (1993) Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 65, Yee et al. (1994) J. Appl. Meteorol. 33 ], both formulations predict a distribution of excursion times that can be well approximated by a power-law profile with
exponent close to −3/2. For the superstatistical model the power-law profile extends over approximately three or more decades,
for the simple model this range is smaller. Compared to the simple model, predictions for the superstatistical model are in
a better agreement with the measurements. 相似文献
86.
This study was carried out in order to assess the effects of disinfectant-treatment on antioxidant response of Cyprinus carpio L. Therefore, enzymatic activities of glutathione S-transferases, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, catalase and total glutathione content of carp liver, exposed to surface water treated with three disinfectants for potabilization, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid were investigated. Specimens of carp were exposed in four experimental tanks supplied with a continuous water flow from Lake Trasimeno (Italy), three of them treated with constant concentration of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid, for 10 and 20 days, while the control tank was supplied with untreated lake water. Differences in biochemical parameters were observed in specimens following exposure to these disinfectants and mainly, chlorine compounds induced marked biochemical variations of carp liver, compared to those induced by peracetic acid treatment. Our results showed that antioxidant parameters of Cyprinus carpio could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress when this species is exposed to disinfectants for water potabilization. 相似文献
87.
Copper extraction effectiveness and soil dissolution issues of EDTA-flushing of artificially contaminated soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as a reference chelating agent in column experiments to investigate the effectiveness of chelant-enhanced flushing of soils artificially contaminated under various conditions (low/high Cu loading, and aging). The associated soil dissolution issues were of particular concern. Dissolution of indigenous Fe/Al oxides, Ca carbonates and organic matter was monitored over the course of flushing. Regardless of contamination condition, above 85% extraction efficiency could be accomplished by 10(-2) and 10(-3)M EDTA-flushing, but not 10(-4)M. The Cu extraction kinetics positively correlated to EDTA concentration but inversely to Cu loading in soils. In addition to extraction from weakly sorbed fractions, a large portion of Cu was extracted from oxide, organic matter and residual fractions, which appears to derive from soil dissolution. Cumulative dissolved amounts of Fe, Al, and Ca were found to reach as high as hundreds of mgkg(-1), which were comparable to Cu contamination. Soil organic matter, which is known to strongly interact with Fe and Al oxides, was also mobilized. The rate and extent of these soil dissolutions were also positively correlated to EDTA concentration. Therefore, the co-extraction of soil minerals and organic matter during chelant-enhanced flushing, which would alter both physical structure and chemical properties of the soils, is detrimental to future land use and deserves greater attention. The concentration of chelating agent is the most crucial factor for an effective soil flushing with minimal damage. 相似文献
88.
89.
Girón-Navarro Rocío Linares-Hernández Ivonne Teutli-Sequeira Elia Alejandra Martínez-Miranda Verónica Santoyo-Tepole Fortunata 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(21):26325-26358
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Organochlorine pesticides have generated public concern worldwide because of their toxicity to human health and the environment, even at low... 相似文献
90.
Iride Passarella Irene Elia Barbara Guarino Giancarlo Bourlot Michèle Nègre 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):137-143
The dissipation of the fungicides captan, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, dithianon, and tebuconazole and of the insecticides chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and malathion was studied, following a single treatment of different cultivars of pears, apples, and peaches. The study was conducted in northern Italy, over two successive growing seasons (2004 and 2005). The treatments were performed by the farmers involved, in line with their usual practice. At various time intervals from treatment to harvest, representative samples of fruit were collected and analyzed for pesticide residues. In some cases, concentrations lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) were found immediately after treatment. In all trials a rapid decline in pesticide concentrations was observed leading to residues at harvest greatly below the MRLs. 相似文献